Table 2.
Volumes of limbic structures (mm3) in healthy controls (HC), C9orf72-negative patients with ALS (C9-ALS) and C9orf72-positive patients with ALS (C9+ALS). Estimated marginal means (EMM) and standard errors (SE) were adjusted for age, sex, handedness and total intracranial volume (TIV). Significant intergroup differences at p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons are highlighted in bold print.
| Limbic Structure | Study Group | Descriptive Values | Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMM | Standard Error | Univariate F, p-Value | C9-ALS vs. HC | C9+ALS vs. HC | C9- vs. C9+ | ||
| Amygdala L | C9-ALS | 1508.243 | 18.000 | F = 8.570; p < 0.001 | 0.070 | <0.001 | 0.012 |
| C9+ALS | 1349.043 | 51.753 | |||||
| HC | 1575.883 | 23.153 | |||||
| Basal Forebrain L | C9-ALS | 306.179 | 2.901 | F = 4.219; p = 0.016 | 0.049 | 0.067 | 0.866 |
| C9+ALS | 296.769 | 8.342 | |||||
| HC | 317.749 | 3.732 | |||||
| Fornix L | C9-ALS | 514.843 | 4.373 | F = 2.326; p = 0.099 | 0.795 | 0.108 | 0.353 |
| C9+ALS | 493.907 | 12.573 | |||||
| HC | 522.893 | 5.625 | |||||
| Hypothalamus L | C9-ALS | 463.698 | 3.482 | F = 6.096; p = 0.003 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| C9+ALS | 428.811 | 10.011 | |||||
| HC | 466.398 | 4.479 | |||||
| Mammillary Body L | C9-ALS | 52.900 | 0.572 | F = 0.028; p = 0.973 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| C9+ALS | 52.761 | 1.645 | |||||
| HC | 52.680 | 0.736 | |||||
| Nucleus Accumbens L | C9-ALS | 394.490 | 5.605 | F = 7.448; p < 0.001 | 0.174 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
| C9+ALS | 345.218 | 16.116 | |||||
| HC | 412.086 | 7.210 | |||||
| Septal Nucleus L | C9-ALS | 121.623 | 1.012 | F = 0.017; p = 0.983 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| C9+ALS | 121.550 | 2.909 | |||||
| HC | 121.320 | 1.301 | |||||
| Subiculum L | C9-ALS | 423.627 | 4.267 | F = 6.982; p = 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.213 |
| C9+ALS | 400.029 | 12.268 | |||||
| HC | 443.416 | 5.489 | |||||
| Amygdala R | C9-ALS | 1737.101 | 19.945 | F = 7.805; p < 0.001 | 0.047 | <0.001 | 0.035 |
| C9+ALS | 1582.775 | 57.346 | |||||
| HC | 1816.935 | 26.655 | |||||
| Basal Forebrain R | C9-ALS | 324.076 | 3.131 | F = 10.822; p < 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.392 |
| C9+ALS | 309.597 | 9.003 | |||||
| HC | 344.626 | 4.028 | |||||
| Fornix R | C9-ALS | 520.230 | 4.416 | F = 2.493; p = 0.084 | 0.713 | 0.092 | 0.331 |
| C9+ALS | 498.640 | 12.698 | |||||
| HC | 528.845 | 5.681 | |||||
| Hypothalamus R | C9-ALS | 466.699 | 3.323 | F = 5.742; p = 0.004 | 1.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| C9+ALS | 435.261 | 9.554 | |||||
| HC | 470.453 | 4.274 | |||||
| Mammillary Body R | C9-ALS | 55.373 | 0.570 | F = 0.532; p = 0.588 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| C9+ALS | 56.408 | 1.638 | |||||
| HC | 54.718 | 0.733 | |||||
| Nucleus Accumbens R | C9-ALS | 388.658 | 5.257 | F = 8.121; p < 0.001 | 0.370 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| C9+ALS | 335.512 | 15.116 | |||||
| HC | 402.058 | 6.762 | |||||
| Septal Nucleus R | C9-ALS | 116.517 | 0.987 | F = 0.134; p = 0.875 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| C9+ALS | 117.504 | 2.839 | |||||
| HC | 117.266 | 1.270 | |||||
| Subiculum R | C9-ALS | 415.900 | 3.907 | F = 4.151; p = 0.017 | 0.036 | 0.104 | 1.000 |
| C9+ALS | 406.041 | 11.234 | |||||
| HC | 432.160 | 5.026 | |||||