Table 2.
Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in plasma and erythrocytes of participants with MAFLD according to IFC improvement at baseline and after 2-year intervention.
| IFC Non-Responders | IFC Responders | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 20) | 2-Year Change (n = 20) | Baseline (n = 20) | 2-Year Change (n = 20) | ||
| Antioxidant biomarkers | |||||
| CAT activity (k/109 erythrocytes) | 12.5 ± 2.58 | 16.0 ± 1.61 * | 12.5 ± 1.76 | 12.9 ± 1.47 # | <0.001 |
| SOD activity (pkat/109 erythrocytes) | 7.72 ± 0.49 | 8.96 ± 0.37 * | 7.80 ± 0.48 | 7.88 ± 0.45 # | <0.001 |
| Oxidative damage | |||||
| MDA (ng/109 erythrocytes) | 10.3 ± 1.16 | 11.2 ± 0.81 * | 10.1 ± 0.82 | 9.55 ± 0.70 *# | <0.001 |
| MDA (ng/L plasma) | 1.61 ± 0.64 | 2.01 ± 0.96 | 1.85 ± 0.79 | 1.25 ± 0.69 *# | 0.005 |
| Protein carbonyl (%) | 100 ± 58.7 | 110.7 ± 52.1 | 98.0 ± 75.0 | 99.9 ± 36.6 | 0.901 |
| Protein levels | |||||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.23 ± 0.25 | 4.28 ± 0.48 | 4.16 ± 0.28 | 4.08 ± 0.28 | 0.282 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 3.87 ± 0.40 | 3.86 ± 0.40 | 3.91 ± 0.76 | 3.65 ± 0.46 * | 0.145 |
| TGF-β1 (ng/mL) | 2.23 ± 1.01 | 2.16 ± 1.46 | 2.74 ± 1.40 | 2.59 ± 1.60 | 0.781 |
Abbreviations: CAT: catalase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, MDA: malondialdehyde, IL-6: interleukin-6, TNFα: tumour necrosis factor alpha, TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1, SD: standard deviation. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Two-way analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) after adjustments by age and sex. * Difference in means between participants over time (baseline and 2 years). # Difference in means between groups (IFC responders and IFC non-responders). Data points are significant when p < 0.05.