Table 3.

The effects of bioactive components derived from quinoa on multiple cancer cells.

Compounds	Cell Line	Cancer Type	Treatments/Conditions	Functional Activity	References
Purified quinoa polysaccharides Quinoa seed extract	MCF-7	Breast Cancer	IC50 for 24 h and 48 h were 83.48 μg/mL and 64.67 μg/mL	Strong inhibition of MCF-7 but no inhibition on normal cells	[91]
	SMMC-7721	Liver Cancer	IC50 for 24 h and 48 h were 121.4 μg/mL and 53.4 μg/mL	Strong inhibition of SMMC 7721 but no inhibition on normal cells	[91]
	HCT-116	Colorectal Cancer	The 48 h IC50 of two varieties of quinoa (Ponu and Titicaca) were 110.68 μg/mL and 239.47 µg/mL, respectively	Significant inhibition of proliferation	[200]
	A549	Lung Cancer	Dose-dependent 1.60 mg/mL and 1.92 mg/mL	Inhibiting cell viability; inducing strong apoptosis (increased BAX and decreased Bcl2 levels).	[201]
Quinoa leaf extract	MAT-LyLu	Prostate Cancer	Dose-dependent 0.186–1.86 mg/mL	Blocking intercellular communication connections and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation	[64]
	AT-2	Prostate Cancer	Dose-dependent 0.186–1.86 mg/mL	Blocking intercellular communication connections and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation	[64]
Peptides derived from quinoa	HCT-116	Colorectal Cancer	>5 kDa peptides showed IC50 = 0.176 ± 0.000 mg protein/mL, <5 kDa peptides showed IC50 = 0.928 ± 0.012 mg protein/mL	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[26]
	HT-29	Colorectal Cancer	>5 kDa peptides showed IC50 = 0.085 ± 0.003 mg protein/mL, <5 kDa peptides showed IC50 = 0.781 ± 0.009 mg protein/mL	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[26]
	Caco-2	Colorectal Cancer	>5 kDa peptides showed IC50 = 0.239 ± 0.001 mg protein/mL, <5 kDa peptides showed IC50 = 0.676 ± 0.007 mg protein/mL	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[26]
Novel bioactive peptides FHPFPR, NWFPLPR, and HYNPYFPG obtained from quinoa protein digestion production (<5 kDa)	Caco-2	Colorectal Cancer	IC50 was 0.87 g/L, 1.27 g/L and 1.85 g/L, respectively	Significant inhibition of Caco-2 cell proliferation by inhibiting histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) activity and regulating oncogenic gene expression	[209]
Saponin-rich quinoa extract (QE) and its hydrolyzed extract as sapogenin-rich extracts (HQE)	DLD-1	Colorectal Cancer	48 h IC50 values close to 100 μg/mL	-	[214]
	SW620	Colorectal Cancer	48 h IC50 values close to 100 μg/mL	-	[214]
Quinoa ferments	Caco-2	Colorectal Cancer	-	Cytotoxic effect	[164]
	MCF-7	Breast Cancer	-	Cytotoxic effect	[164]
Quinoa extract	C4-I	Cervical Cancer	1 mg/mL	Cytotoxic effect; a decrease in death cells by 28%	[199]
	HTB-35	Cervical Cancer	1 mg/mL	Cytotoxic effect; a decrease in death cells by 33%	[199]
	HTB-34	Cervical Cancer	1 mg/mL	Cytotoxic effect; a decrease in death cells by 45%	[199]
Complexation of quinoa protein isolate (QPI) combined with different concentrations of olive leaf polyphenol extracts (OLE)	MKN-45	Gastric Cancer	IC50 of QPI was 2.89 µg/mL	Inhibition of cell viability	[208]
Phenolic compounds of white, red, and black quinoa	MCF-7	Breast Cancer	For free fractions, IC50 values of white, red, and black quinoa were 2.20 mg/mL, 1.86 mg/mL, and 1.3 mg/mL, respectively; for bound fractions, IC50 values were 2.34 mg/mL, 1.75 mg/mL, and 1.61 mg/mL, respectively	Concentration-dependent inhibition of the proliferation	[55]
Seed oil of white, red, and black quinoa (WSO, RSO, BSO)	HCT-116	Colorectal Cancer	IC50 of BSO WSO and RSO were 281.9, 381.3, and 647.4 µg/mL, respectively	Apoptotic rates in HCT-116 cells treated with BSO at 125 and 250 μg/mL for 36 h were 10.4% and 21%	[86]
Water soluble terpenoid isolated from quinoa bran (QBT)	HCT-8	Colorectal Cancer	IC50 of QBT was 0.54 mg/mL	Promoting apoptosis; inducing caspase-related pathways and mitochondrial membrane potential changes	[211]
	DLD-1	Colorectal Cancer	IC50 of QBT was 0.42 mg/mL	Concentration dependence	[211]
Quinoa extract and its component 4′-geranyloxyferulic acid (GOFA)	HCT-116	Colorectal Cancer	-	GOFA interfered with the expression of the CAT-2B transporter, decreased the uptake of L-arginine of HCT-116	[109]
Quinoin (novel type 1 RIP derived from quinoa seeds)	U87Mg NULU ZAR	Glioblastoma	2.5 and 5.0 nM	Cytotoxicity effect; exhibiting synergistic sensitization with drug temozolomide	[213]