Figure 5.

Funnel plots for assessment of publication bias in MR analyses. This figure displays funnel plots for the assessment of publication bias in the MR analyses of the SNP effects on CD with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis (left: celiac disease and asthma, center: CD and atopic dermatitis, and right: CD and allergic rhinitis). Each plot shows the relationship between the estimated effect sizes (β) and their standard errors (SE). The vertical line represents the overall effect estimate. The symmetry around this line suggests the absence of publication bias, indicating that the results are not disproportionately influenced by small-study effects or selective reporting.