Figure 2.

Animals were subjected to three behavioral tests, and parameters were measured and analyzed by ANY-maze software. Open-field test was used to evaluate (a) total locomotion by traveled distance and (b) time of inactivity during 5 min in the OF area. Two additional parameters, (c) the time spent in the central zone and (d) the number of entries to the center, were used to evaluate anxiety-like behavior. Cognition and memory retention were evaluated by a novel object recognition test and presented by the novel object preference ratios (e). Anxiety-like behavior was examined by Elevated Plus Maze during 5 min, where the parameters (f) percentage of the total entrances into open arms and (g) time spent in the open arms are presented. The number of head-dipping in 5 min (h) was identified and counted by the proficient experimenter. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM of n = 6 per group. Effects of fructose consumption and Dx treatment were determined by two-way ANOVA. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant between-group differences from post hoc Tukey test are given as * p < 0.05.