Table 1.
Antibiotic resistance profile of commonly isolated bacteria across sectors.
| Bacteria Isolates | CIP | TET | GEN | AMP | SXT | CTX | CHL | References | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hu | An | En | Hu | An | En | Hu | An | En | Hu | An | En | Hu | An | En | Hu | An | En | Hu | An | En | ||
| Acinetobacter spp. | 35–44 | - | - | 55 | - | - | 37–63 | - | - | 95 | - | - | 58–67 | - | - | 88–89 | - | - | - | - | - | [22,31,35] |
| Aeromonas spp. | - | - | 13 | - | - | 23 | - | - | 17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [58] |
| Campylobacter spp. | - | 44–75 | - | - | 70–100 | - | - | - | - | - | 81–96 | - | - | 56 | - | - | - | - | - | 88 | - | [50,53,55] |
| Citrobacter spp. | 22–80 | - | 100 | 78–93 | 53 | - | 22.2–66.7 | 5 | 97 | - | 100 | 100 | 50 | - | 100 | 78 | 45 | - | - | 58 | - | [18,23,29,34,44,60] |
| E. coli | 46–89 | 2–54 | 6–17 | 25–92 | 45–100 | 37 | 17–62 | 0–39 | 3.7–27 | 88–100 | 100 | 100 | 69–92 | 8–21 | 66–100 | 49- 78 | 0–17 | 34–100 | 9–83 | 0–46 | - | [17,18,22,23,25,29,31,34,35,37,41,43,44,46,48,49,51,56,58,59,60] |
| Enterobacter spp. | 11–73 | - | - | 87–100 | 82 | - | 25.9–47 | 0 | - | 100 | 100 | - | 37–68 | - | - | 52–68 | 45 | - | - | 36 | - | [22,23,31,34,44] |
| Enterococcus spp. | - | - | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | 58–100 | - | - | - | - | - | 44 | - | - | [25,31] |
| Klebsiella spp. | 14–76 | - | 12 | 71–89 | 55 | - | 29–83 | 14 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 48–95 | - | 46 | 64–91 | 36 | - | 50–92 | 55 | - | [18,22,23,24,25,31,34,35,41,43,44,60] |
| Moraxella spp. | 69 | - | - | 50–90 | - | - | 28 | - | - | - | - | - | 67 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [18,22] |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 82 | - | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [19] |
| Proteus spp. | 5–100 | - | - | 80–100 | 50 | - | 5–100 | 0 | - | 70–90 | 100 | - | 43–75 | - | - | - | 50 | - | 64 | 0 | - | [18,25,29,31,34,44] |
| Pseudomonas spp. | 15–100 | - | 5–100 | 80–100 | - | - | 10–40 | - | 11–100 | 96 | - | 100 | 92 | - | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [18,22,23,29,31,34,35,59,60] |
| Staphylococcus spp. | 0–71 | - | 5–9 | 57–100 | 24 | 28–64 | 4–67 | 0 | 9 | - | 100 | 13 | 32–100 | - | 11 | - | - | - | 60–71 | - | 81.8 | [16,18,21,29,34,44,56,61] |
| Salmonella spp. | 0–67 | 63–65 | - | 35 | 60–100 | - | 0–67 | 0 | - | 33–57 | 26–80 | - | 17–66 | 69 | - | 0–22 | 20 | - | 34 | 6–20 | - | [17,23,32,34,44] |
| Serratia spp. | - | - | - | >90 | - | - | - | - | - | >90 | - | - | - | - | - | >90 | - | - | >90 | - | - | [18] |
| Shigella spp. | - | - | - | 90–100 | 67–100 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 98–100 | - | 39 | - | - | - | 100 | - | - | 100 | - | [17,18,44,45] |
| Streptococcus spp. | - | - | - | - | 17 | - | - | 17 | - | 100 | 83 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 63 | - | - | [25,44] |
| Vibrio spp. | 25–90 | - | - | 65 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 38 | - | - | 83.3 | - | - | 50 | - | - | [17,26] |
CHL: chloramphenicol, CTX: ceftriaxone, SXT: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, AMP: ampicillin, GEN: gentamicin, TET: tetracycline, CIP: ciprofloxacin. Hu: “human studies”, An: “animal studies”, En: “environmental studies”, and -: no data available.