Table 1.

Basic cancer biomarkers and associated cancers.

Cancer Biomarker	Cancer Type	Reference
PSA	Prostate	[37]
IgG	Prostate	[38]
PAP, PSA	Prostate	[39]
Peptide fragments	Colorectal	[40]
MMP	Colorectal	[41]
CEA, CA 19-9, CA A24-2	Colorectal and pancreatic	[42]
P53 gene	Colorectal	[43]
CYFRA 21-1	Lung	[44]
CEA, CA 19-9, SCC antigen, NSE	Lung	[45]
EVOM	Breast	[46]
EGFR, HER2, transmembrane glycoproteins CD44 and CD24	Breast	[47]
Sialic acid	Breast and liver	[48]
AFP	Liver	[49]
CA 125, HE4	Ovarian	[50]
TRP-2, NY-ESO-1 melanoma Antigen	Melanoma	[51]

Abbreviations: IgG—immunoglobulin G; PAP—prostatic acid phosphatase; MMP—matrix metalloproteinase; CA—cancer antigen; CYFRA—cytokeratin fragment; SCC—squamous cell carcinoma; EVOM—endogenous volatile organic metabolites; EGFR—epidermal growth factor receptor; HER—human epidermal growth factor receptor; SA—sialic acid; AFR—α-fetoprotein; HE—human epididymis protein; TRP—tyrosinase-related protein.