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. 2024 Jun 30;14(7):326. doi: 10.3390/bios14070326

Table 2.

An overview of electrochemical techniques used for the biosensing of cancer biomarkers with MSNs applied to enable or enhance the signal of detection.

Technique Method MSN Role Target Biomarker Key Performances Reference
Potentiometry Commercial glucometer Release of glucose upon target cDNA hybridization miRNA-21 50 pM–5 nM 1
19 pM 2 		[84]
Release of glucose upon target binding to antibody CYFRA 21-1 1.3–160 ng/mL 1 [85]
Open circuit voltage Release of [Fe(CN)6]3− upon target cDNA hybridization miRNA-21 10 aM–1 pM 1 [86]
Chrono-potentiometry MIP performance improvement Sarcosine 10 nM–10 μM 1
7.8 Nm 2 		[87]
Amperometry Chrono-amperometry Lactate oxidase immobilization Lactic acid 40–500 μM 1 [88]
Voltammetry Cyclic voltammetry Antibody immobilization with AgNP for electron transfer improvement PSA 50 pg/mL–50 ng/mL 1
15 pg/mL 2 		[89]
Differential pulse voltammetry Release of glucose from target-bound MSNs CA 19-9 0.01–100 U/mL 1
0.0005 U/mL 2 		[90]
Dual-labeled MSNs with AuNRs and HRP for signal enhancement CEA 0.1–5 pg/mL 1
5.25 fg/mL 2 		[91]
Sandwich-type immunoassay with MB@MSNs for signal enhancement HPV16 E6 oncoprotein 50 fg/mL–4 ng/mL 1 [92]
Amino-MSNs in composite with Amino-rGO and IL for signal enhancement Lysozyme 20 fM–50 nM 1 [93]
SNA-loaded MSNs for improved capture of target MCF-7 cancer cells 1−1.0 × 107 cells/mL 1
4 cells/mL 2 		[94]
Sandwich-type immunoassay with MMSN@AuNP-Ab2 for signal enhancement CYFRA 21-1 0.01–1.0 pg/mL 1
2 fg/mL 2 		[95]
Sandwich-type immunoassay with thionine-loaded MSNs for signal enhancement SCCA 0.01–120 ng/mL 1
0.33 pg/mL 2 		[96]
Square wave voltammetry Sandwich-type immunoassay with MB-loaded MSNs for signal production by controlled MB release PSA 10 fg/mL–100 ng/mL 1
1.25 fg/mL 2 		[97]
Release of MB from programmed target-enabled CHA for HCR signal amplification miRNA-21 0.1 fM–5 pM 1 [98]
Sensitivity improvement by MSNs/PtNPs CD133 5–20 cells/5 μL 1 [99]
Square wave anodic/cathodic stripping voltammetry Nanocomposites for signal development and enhancement: PbS-QD@MSNs, CdTe-QD@MSNs, and AuNPs@MSNs HE4, CA-125,
and AFP		 HE4: 0.02–20 pM 1; LOD 5.07 pM
CA-125: 0.45–450 IU/L 1; LOD 3.1 IU/L
AFP: 0.1–500 ng/L 1; LOD 2.44 pg/L		 [100]
Impedimetry Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Amino-MSNs in composite with Amino-rGO and IL for signal enhancement Lysozyme 10 fM–200 nM 1 [93]
Photoelectrochemical method Chrono-amperometry CD@MSB for improved sensitivity Glutathione 34.9 nM 2 [101]

1 Linear range. 2 LOD. Abbreviations: MIP—molecularly imprinted polymer; cDNA—complementary DNA; Ag NPs—silver nanoparticles; AuNRs—gold nanorods; HRP—horseradish peroxidase; MB—methylene blue; HPV16—human papillomavirus 16; rGO—reduced graphene oxide; IL—ionic liquid; SNA—sambucus nigra agglutinin; MMSN—magnetic MSN; AuNPs—gold nanoparticles; CHA—catalytic hairpin assembly; HCR—hybridization chain reaction; PtNPs—platinum nanoparticles; PbS QDs—lead sulfide quantum dots; CdTe QDs—cadmium telluride quantum dots; and CDs—carbon dots.