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. 2024 Jul 11;13(14):1184. doi: 10.3390/cells13141184

Figure 5.

Figure 5

FSO prevented TMT-induced astrogliosis and neuroinflammation. (a) Immunohistochemical staining of GFAP in control (Ctrl), trimethyltin (TMT), and flaxseed oil (FSO)-treated TMT-intoxicated (FSO+TMT) animals. Scale bar = 500 μm. Smaller panels represent high-magnification images (40×) of GFAP-ir in CA1 and DG in Ctrl, TMT, and FSO+TMT groups. Scale bar = 50 μm. (b) Representative images of double immunofluorescence labeling directed to GFAP (blue) and C3 (green) in CA1 and DG subregions in Ctrl, TMT, and FSO+TMT experimental groups. C3-immunoreactivity (ir) was observed in the GFAP+-positive cells of TMT-intoxicated hippocampi, while C3-ir was not detected in the GFAP+ astrocytes of FSO-treated TMT-intoxicated hippocampi. Scale bar = 50 μm. The abundance of transcript coding astrocyte marker GFAP (c), pro-inflammatory astrocytic marker C3 (d), protective astrocyte marker s100a10 (e), and inflammatory markers TNFα (f), IL-1β (g), IL-6 (h), and IL-10 (i) assessed by RT-qPCR in Ctrl, FSO, TMT, and FSO+TMT animals. Bars represent mean target mRNA abundance relative to CycA (± SD) from n = 5 hippocampi per group. Significance shown inside the graphs: * p < 0.05 or less relative to Ctrl; # p < 0.05 or less relative to TMT. DG, dentate gyrus.