Table 1.
Characteristics and average CVLT-II scores for the nine clinical groups and controls. Average VLM performance of each group (i.e., mean score) is shown as raw scores and as percentage differences with respect to (% w.r.t.) the control group.
| Clinical Group | Control | AD/RD | MCI | PD | TBI | Stroke | MDD | ADHD | SZ | BD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5713 | 276 | 233 | 628 | 4867 | 273 | 1063 | 126 | 1962 | 742 |
| # Studies | 43 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 23 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 19 | 12 |
| Age, % | ||||||||||
| 16–35 | 43.5 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 25.7 | 3.3 | 49.8 | 56.3 | 64.6 | 40.5 |
| 35–65 | 42.1 | 9.1 | 12.9 | 36.3 | 67.0 | 31.1 | 49.2 | 42.9 | 34.9 | 56.5 |
| 65+ | 14.4 | 90.1 | 86.2 | 63.7 | 7.3 | 65.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 3.0 |
| Sex/Gender, % | ||||||||||
| Male | 49.0 | 38.8 | 49.8 | 32.6 | 90.3 | 71.1 | 48.0 | 48.4 | 61.7 | 42.7 |
| Female | 51.0 | 61.2 | 50.2 | 67.4 | 9.7 | 28.9 | 62.0 | 51.6 | 38.3 | 57.3 |
| Region, % | ||||||||||
| Americas | 54.8 | 79.7 | 70.8 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 40.5 | 17.9 | 39.2 |
| Europe | 41.5 | 18.1 | 21.5 | 37.7 | 0.0 | 51.3 | 96.8 | 58.7 | 79.6 | 60.8 |
| Asia | 3.7 | 2.2 | 7.7 | 62.3 | 0.0 | 58.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.0 |
| Education, % | ||||||||||
| Primary | 10.0 | 50.2 | 42.5 | 51.6 | 0.7 | 30.6 | 7.6 | 15.9 | 25.4 | 21.3 |
| Secondary | 25.3 | 34.0 | 37.8 | 18.1 | 27.0 | 26.4 | 46.1 | 22.2 | 25.4 | 27.8 |
| Tertiary | 64.7 | 15.6 | 19.7 | 30.3 | 72.3 | 43.0 | 46.3 | 61.9 | 42.0 | 50.9 |
| Mean score | ||||||||||
| T1 | 6.5 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 6.2 |
| % w.r.t. controls | 0% | −54% | −37% | −35% | −11% | −29% | 11% | −2% | −17% | −5% |
| Trials 1–5 | 52.4 | 21.6 | 31.7 | 29.4 | 47.7 | 41.3 | 55.8 | 53.2 | 43.8 | 48.9 |
| % w.r.t. controls | 0% | −59% | −40% | −44% | −9% | −21% | 6% | −2% | −16% | −7% |
| SDFR | 11.5 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 6.7 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 8.9 | 10.2 |
| % w.r.t. controls | 0% | −90% | −66% | −42% | −14% | −26% | 6% | −3% | −12% | −11% |
| LDFR | 11.8 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 9.1 | 10.7 |
| % w.r.t. controls | 0% | −90% | −68% | −46% | −14% | −25% | 8% | 3% | −23% | −9% |
AD/RD = Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. MCI = mild cognitive impairment. PD = Parkinson’s disease. TBI = traumatic brain injury. MDD = major depressive disorder. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. SZ = schizophrenia/psychosis. BD = bipolar disorder. T1 = first immediate recall trial. SDFR = short-delay free recall. LDFR = long-delay free recall.