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. 2024 Jul 22;14(7):356. doi: 10.3390/bios14070356

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) One-step multiplex analysis of breast cancer exosomes based on an electrochemical strategy assisted by AuNPs. Reproduced with permission from [112]. (B) Setup of the AI–coupled plasmonic infrared sensor for the detection of structural protein biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Reproduced with permission from [130]. (C) Scheme of the multiplexed quantitative detection of biomarkers in sputum by a PoC paper-microfluidic electrochemical device [113]. (D) Example of a handheld LC diagnosis device based on MIP sensor. A patient blows into the replaceable mouthpiece and the results will be shown on his/her smartphone instantly. The mobile application that graphs the data during the test, and the exploded view of the proposed lung cancer diagnosis handheld device. Reproduced with permission from [114]. (E) The construction and working process of the AuNPs@NIPAm-co-AAc microgel electrodes and detection process of miRNA-21. Reproduced with permission from [111].