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. 2024 Jul 22;14(7):356. doi: 10.3390/bios14070356

Table 1.

Examples of sensing devices combined with ML algorithms in healthcare applications.

Sensing Device Type of ML Algorithm Application Ref.
Metal oxide-based gas sensor array RF, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), DT, Linear regression, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, LDA, ANN, SVM Detection, classification, and prediction of concentrations of the four gases simultaneously for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. [168]
Accelerometer sensor embedded in a smartphone Several ML classifiers Medical diagnostic, monitoring of users’ daily routine, and detection of abnormal cases [169]
Accelerometer in wristband RF Sleep monitoring [170]
Zephyr BioHarness for Electrocardiography (ECG) Batch normalization, SVM, KNN Cognitive training and stress detection [171]
ECG, galvanic skin response (GSR), body temperature, SpO2, glucose level, and blood pressure Neural network model Psychosocial stress detection [172]
Optical biosensor DL Cancer cell detection [173]
Electrodermal activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmogram (PPG) LDA, quadratic discriminant analysis, logistic regression, SVM, Gaussian kernel, KNN, DTs Hydration monitoring [174]
Skin temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation, and daily activities Multiple ML techniques Early detection of COVID-19 [175]
ECG, PPG, and blood pressure (BP) ResNet with Long short-term memory for hypertension detection Blood pressure measurement [176]
Heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, blood pulse wave, skin temperature sensors Multivariate regression for case deterioration COVID-19 detection [177]
Inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor module and plantar pressure K-means clustering, ANN, SVM Rehabilitation [178]
PPG sensor in a ring-type device DL Arrhythmia detection [179]
Plasmonics sensors Logistic regression, SVM, ANN, CNN, KMM Cancer detection [180]
Au nanoparticle-based sensor SVM Chronic kidney disease detection [181]
Electronic nose ANN Differentiating lung cancer patients [182]
Accelerometer and electrodermal activity SVM Seizure detection [183]