Table 1.
Examples of sensing devices combined with ML algorithms in healthcare applications.
| Sensing Device | Type of ML Algorithm | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metal oxide-based gas sensor array | RF, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), DT, Linear regression, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, LDA, ANN, SVM | Detection, classification, and prediction of concentrations of the four gases simultaneously for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. | [168] |
| Accelerometer sensor embedded in a smartphone | Several ML classifiers | Medical diagnostic, monitoring of users’ daily routine, and detection of abnormal cases | [169] |
| Accelerometer in wristband | RF | Sleep monitoring | [170] |
| Zephyr BioHarness for Electrocardiography (ECG) | Batch normalization, SVM, KNN | Cognitive training and stress detection | [171] |
| ECG, galvanic skin response (GSR), body temperature, SpO2, glucose level, and blood pressure | Neural network model | Psychosocial stress detection | [172] |
| Optical biosensor | DL | Cancer cell detection | [173] |
| Electrodermal activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmogram (PPG) | LDA, quadratic discriminant analysis, logistic regression, SVM, Gaussian kernel, KNN, DTs | Hydration monitoring | [174] |
| Skin temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation, and daily activities | Multiple ML techniques | Early detection of COVID-19 | [175] |
| ECG, PPG, and blood pressure (BP) | ResNet with Long short-term memory for hypertension detection | Blood pressure measurement | [176] |
| Heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, blood pulse wave, skin temperature sensors | Multivariate regression for case deterioration | COVID-19 detection | [177] |
| Inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor module and plantar pressure | K-means clustering, ANN, SVM | Rehabilitation | [178] |
| PPG sensor in a ring-type device | DL | Arrhythmia detection | [179] |
| Plasmonics sensors | Logistic regression, SVM, ANN, CNN, KMM | Cancer detection | [180] |
| Au nanoparticle-based sensor | SVM | Chronic kidney disease detection | [181] |
| Electronic nose | ANN | Differentiating lung cancer patients | [182] |
| Accelerometer and electrodermal activity | SVM | Seizure detection | [183] |