Table 1.

Reported detection strategies for ESKAPE pathogens based on MNPS.

ESKAPE Pathogens	Based Biosensor	Combination with Existing Equipment	LODs (CFU·mL−1)	Detection Time	Dual Activity (D and T)	Evaluation in Clinical Isolates	References
E. faecium	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
S. aureus	Colorimetric	MALDI-MS	~106	~1 h	NA	✓	[126]
		UV–Vis S	10	40 min	NA	―	[132]
		NIR laser	―	15 min	✓	―	[131]
	Electrochemical	BPECW	10	30 min	NA	―	[130]
		―	50	~100 min	NA	―	[138]
	LF	RS	8	20 min	NA	―	[135]
		NE	1 × 106	―	NA	―	[133]
		RS	3	―	NA	―	[133]
		NIR camera	18	―	NA	―	[133]
		Thermometer and NIR laser	27	―	NA	―	[133]
		―	102	15 min	NA	―	[140]
	Fluorometric	FM and NIR laser	10	~1.5 h	✓	―	[136]
	Plasmonic	RS and NIR laser	<102	―	✓	―	[134]
		RS	10	―	✓	―	[139]
		RS	11	30 min	✓	―	[142]
		RS	1	~40 min	NA	―	[143]
		RS	7	<1 h	NA	―	[145]
	Molecular	RS and PCR	104 DNA copies	~80 min	NA	―	[137]
	Imaging	EM and MRI	<104	―	NA	―	[144]
K. pneumoniae	Colorimetric	MALDI-MS	~106	~1 h	NA	―	[126]
	LF LF	NA	>104	15 min	NA	✓	[129]
		Turbidimeter	24	<40 min	NA	✓	[146]
	Plasmonic	RS	3.4 × 103	5 min	NA	✓	[147]
A. baumannii	Colorimetric	MALDI-MS	~106	~1 h	NA	✓	[126]
		NA	―	5 min	NA	✓	[128]
	Conductometric	CT	10–103	2 min	NA	―	[127]
		LCR reader	1.2 fM	~15 min	NA	―	[148]
	Spectroscopic	EM and XDS	―	~7 min	NA	―	[149]
		MALDI-MS	≤105	~10 min	NA	―	[150]
	Fluorometric	FS	10	~2.5 h	NA	―	[151]
	Molecular	PCR	―	―	NA	―	[152]
P. aeruginosa	Colorimetric	MALDI-MS	~106	~1 h	NA	―	[126]
	Colorimetric	NA	―	5 min	NA	✓	[128]
	Conductometric	CT	10–103	2 min	NA	―	[127]
		BPECW	10	30 min	NA	―	[130]
	Plasmonic	MF and RS	<10 µM	―	NA	✓	[153]
		RS	6.25 µM	―	NA	―	[154]
		RS	<0.4 nM	1–2 min	NA	―	[156]
	Electrochemical	EIS	0.04 μM	5–10 min	NA	―	[155]
Genus Enterobacter	Colorimetric	MALDI-MS	~106	~1 h	NA	―	[126]
		NA	―	5 min	NA	✓	[128]
		NIR laser	―	15 min	✓	―	[131]
		UV–Vis S	10	40 min	NA	―	[132]
		MS	10	20 min	NA	―	[160]
		Smarthphone	40	1 h	NA	―	[160]
	Plasmonic	Spectrometer	5 × 102	―	NA	―	[158]
	LF	NA	>104	15 min	NA	✓	[129]
	Electrochemical	CT	10–103	2 min	NA	―	[127]
		EWS	0.02–50 nM	<2 h	NA	―	[157]
		―	2	―	NA	―	[159]
		SECI	1	―	NA	―	[161]

LF = Lateral flow; D and T = Diagnosis and therapeutic; CFU·mL⁻¹ = Colony forming units per millilitre; BPECW = Bipotential electro-chemical workstation; LCR = Inductance, capacitance, and resistance; MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging; NE = Naked eye; NA = Not applicable; PDR = Pandrug-resistant; ― = Not specified; CP = Carbapenemase-producing; UV-Vis S = UV–Vis spectrophotometer; RS = Raman spectrophotometer; FM = Fluorescence microscopy; EM = Electron microscopy; XDS = X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy; MS = Mass spectroscopy; FS = Fluorescence spectrophotometer; CT = Conductometric transducer; MF = Microfluidic platform; EIS = Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; EWS = Electrochemistry workstation; SECI = Spectro electrochemical instrument.