Figure 1.

Dual roles of MSCs in tumour dynamics. MSCs possess unique properties that make them promising therapeutic agents. However, these same properties can also influence tumour development. MSCs can release a variety of factors that have both pro- and anti-tumour effects, influencing cellular tumour processes such as survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. These paracrine factors can be released directly into the tumour microenvironment or transported via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Created using BioRender.