Table 1.

Anti-tumour mechanisms of drug/biomolecule-loaded MSCs.

Loaded Drug/Molecule	Target Cancer	Therapeutic Effect	References
Doxorubicin	Lung melanoma metastases	Reduction of tumour cell viability	[106]
	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[83]
Paclitaxel	Multiple myeloma	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[99]
	Prostate, malignant glioma and melanoma cancer cell lines	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[100]
	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[83]
Gemcitabine	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[83]
	Pancreatic carcinoma	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[117]
Sorafenib	Glioblastoma multiforme	Inhibition of tumour cell growth and angiogenesis	[108]
Cisplatin	Mesothelioma and glioblastoma multiforme	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[109]
IL-18, IFN-β	Intracranial glioma	Inhibition of tumour cell growth	[120,137]
IL-2	Glioma	Increased anti-tumour effects	[122]
IL-12, IL-15	Melanoma, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, intracranial glioma and hepatoma	Direct anti-tumour effect and activation of cytotoxic T and NK cells	[123,124,125]
IL-10	Pancreatic cancer	Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis	[130]
NK4	Pancreatic cancer	Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation and migration	[126,142]
TRAIL+/− temozolomide	Malignant glioma	Direct anti-tumour effect and apoptosis of tumour cells	[127,133]
TSP-1	Glioblastoma multiforme	Inhibition of tumour angiogenesis	[143]
BMP4	Malignant glioma	Increased anti-tumour effects	[144]
PTEN	Glioma	Induced cytotoxicity on tumour cells	[145,146]