Table 2.

Risk factors predictive of hypothalamic adherence and recurrence: summary of data from the literature.

Category	Author, Year	Factors Predictive of Hypothalamic Adherence
Histotype	Prieto et al., 2018 [39]	Mutations of the gene-encoding β-catenin (CTNNB1): higher expression of factors contributing to tight tumor adherence
Size	Katz et al., 1975 [40]; Shapiro et al., 1979 [41]; Sweet et al., 1980 [42]; Wen et al., 1989 [43]; Hetelekidis et al., 1993 [44]; Weiner et al., 1994 [34]; De Vile et al., 1996 [45]; Fahlbusch et al., 1999 [46]; Gupta et al., 2006 [27]; Shi et al., 2008 [47]; Elliott et al., 2010 [48]	Large size (3–5 cm): presenting tighter attachment to the surrounding neurovascular structures
Topography	Prieto et al., 2018 [39]; Prieto et al., 2016 [37]	Infundibulo-tuberal (or not-strictly intraventricular) and secondary intraventricular CPs: high adherence
Radiological (MRI) appearance	Prieto et al., 2016 [37]; Prieto et al., 2018 [39]; Higashi et al., 1990 [38]	Cystic appearance, multilobulated and dumb-bell tumor shape, and circumferential adherence patterns: high adherence
Contents of the cysts	Miller et al., 1994 [36]	Appearance of machinery oil: high adherence
Calcifications	Serbis et al., 2023 [49]; Adamson et al., 1990 [35]	Presence of calcifications as a marker of tight CP adhesions
Interface with adjacent tissue	Prieto et al., 2016 [37]; Higashi et al., 1990 [38]; Petito et al., 1996 [50]	Gliotic or inflammatory reaction of the adjacent brain tissue, edema-like changes as a marker of tight CP adhesions: predominantly in infundibulo-tuberal and secondary intraventricular CPs
Category	Author, Year	Factors Predictive of Recurrence
Size	Katz et al., 1975 [40]; Shapiro et al., 1979 [41]; Sweet et al., 1980 [42]; Wen et al., 1989 [43]; Hetelekidis et al., 1993 [44]; Weiner et al., 1994 [34]; De Vile et al., 1996 [45]; Fahlbusch et al., 1999 [46]; Gupta et al., 2006 [27]; Shi et al., 2008 [47]; Elliott et al., 2010 [48]	Large size (3–5 cm): total removal is more difficult
Topography	Fahlbusch et al., 1999 [46]; Shi et al., 2008 [47]; Van Effenterre et al., 2002 [51]; Prieto et al., 2017 [52]	Infundibulo-tuberal CPs and secondary intraventricular CPs: partial surgical removal due to their extensive attachments to the hypothalamus
Radiological (MRI) appearance	Katz et al., 1975 [40]; Metzger et al., 1979 [53]; Gupta et al., 2006 [27]	Cystic component: it is difficult to remove the capsule during surgery due to strong attachments to surrounding neurovascular structures, particularly if the capsule wall is thick or calcified
Contents of the cysts	Calandrelli et al., 2024 [54]	Viscous colloid cystic content: less extensive surgical excision and a higher likelihood of relapse during the follow-up period
Calcifications	Fahlbusch et al., 1999 [46]; Prieto et al., 2013 [55]; Fouda et al., 2021 [56]	Calcifications: incomplete surgical removal
Interface with adjacent tissue	Duff et al., 2000 [57]; Fahlbusch et al., 1999 [46]; Gupta et al., 2006 [27]; Yasargil et al., 1990 [58]	Loss of the peritumoral gliotic layer interposed between the CP and the surrounding hypothalamus after tumor resection: high likelihood of relapse during the follow-up period

CPs, craniopharyngiomas; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.