ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
AF	atrial fibrillation
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
apoB	apolipoprotein B
AST	aspartate aminotransferase
ChREBP	carbohydrate response element-binding protein
CLD	chronic liver disease
CVD	cardiovascular disease
DAG	diacylglycerol
DCA	deoxycholic acid
DNL	de novo lipogenesis
DSS	dextran sulfate sodium
EF	ejection fraction
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
FAS	fatty acid synthesis
FLI	fatty liver index
GGTP	gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide 1
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HMGCoA	reductase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
HOMA-IR	insulin resistance index
HPCs	liver progenitor cells
IHTG	intrahepatic triglycerides
IKK	inhibitor κB kinase
IL-6	interleukin-6
INSR	insulin receptor
IR	insulin resistance
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LCD	low-calorie diet
LDL-C	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LV	left ventricular
MAFLD	metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
MASLD	metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-B
PKC	protein kinase C
PKCζ	protein kinase C-ζ
Pklr	l-type pyruvate kinase
PNPLA3	patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3
PPAR-α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α
RAAS	renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
SCD-1	stearoyl CoA-desaturase-1
SGLT2	sodium-glucose transporter 2
SNP	nucleotide polymorphism
SOCS	suppressor of cytokine signaling
Srebp1c	factor binding sterol regulatory element 1
SREBP-1c	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
T2DM	type 2 diabetes
TERT	telomerase reverse transcriptase
TG	triglycerides
TLR	toll-like receptor
TM6SF2	transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
UDCA	ursodeoxycholic acid
VLKCD	very low-calorie ketogenic diet
WHO	World Health Organization