Table 3.

Nanocomposite hydrogels used for endodontic infection treatment.

Nanocomposite Hydrogel Composition	Action	Main Finding	Reference
MMP-sensitive GelMA hydrogels with nanotubes	Encapsulation and controlled release of chlorhexidine in response to MMP stimulation, alleviating inflammation in endodontic infections	Inhibition of bacterial growth with minimal cell toxicity	[88]
Chitin-based hydrogels encapsulating DPSCs-derived nano exosomes	Enhancement of pulp-like tissue formation within the root canal	Functional device that uses exosomes as biomimetic tools for tissue engineering	[89]
N-acetylated glycol chitosan (glycol chitin-based hydrogels)	Temperature-sensitive gel promoting odontogenic differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) and elevated expression levels of dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1, biomarkers of odontogenesis	This material improves the hDPCs ability to generate clonogenic adherent cell clusters.	[90]