Table 1.
Participant characteristics across categories of hypertension, restricted to non-smoking participants with available blood pressure examination data and urinary VOCs, n=4,430 NHANES 2011–2018 participants. Continuous variables are reported as median [interquartile range, IQR] and categorical variables as number (%). Percentages are population weighted.
| Overall | No Hypertension | Hypertension | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| n | 4,430 | 2,819 | 1,611 |
| Age (years) | 48 [33, 62] | 40 [28, 54] | 62 [54, 71] |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2,044 (46.0) | 1,259 (45.3) | 785 (47.5) |
| Female | 2,386 (54.0) | 1,560 (54.7) | 826 (52.5) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Mexican American | 681 (9.6) | 494 (11.3) | 187 (6.1) |
| Other Hispanic | 533 (7.3) | 369 (8.4) | 164 (5.0) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,540 (64.8) | 943 (62.8) | 597 (69.0) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 868 (9.7) | 449 (8.3) | 419 (12.6) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 679 (6.3) | 478 (6.8) | 201 (5.2) |
| Other Race, incl Multi | 129 (2.4) | 86 (2.5) | 43 (2.2) |
| Education | |||
| Less than HS Diploma | 884 (12.2) | 500 (11.3) | 384 (14.0) |
| High School Grad/GED | 926 (20.7) | 553 (19.3) | 373 (23.6) |
| Some College | 1,329 (31.1) | 841 (30.1) | 488 (33.3) |
| College Degree or More | 1,291 (36.0) | 925 (39.4) | 366 (28.9) |
| Income | |||
| $0–$24,999 | 1,002 (15.9) | 563 (14.6) | 439 (18.7) |
| $25,000–$54,999 | 1,308 (29.1) | 828 (29.4) | 480 (28.5) |
| $55,000–$74,999 | 490 (13.1) | 335 (13.4) | 155 (12.4) |
| ≥$75,000 | 1,352 (41.9) | 913 (42.7) | 439 (40.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 [24.5, 33.0] | 27.2 [23.7, 31.7] | 30.7 [26.6, 35.8] |
| Serum Cotinine (ng/mL) | 0.02 [0.01, 0.05] | 0.02 [0.01, 0.05] | 0.02 [0.01, 0.04] |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 97.6 [82.0, 111.9] | 103.3 [88.4, 116.7] | 86.2 [68.9, 98.9] |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 53.0 [43.0, 63.0] | 53.3 [44.0, 64.0] | 50.0 [41.0, 61.0] |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 115.0 [77.0, 176.0] | 104.0 [72.0, 165.0] | 134.0 [94.0, 206.0] |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.0 [161.0, 214.0] | 185.0 [160.0, 213.0] | 191.5 [163.0, 218.0] |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.0 [110.7, 132.0] | 114.7 [107.3, 123.3] | 136.0 [124.0, 147.3] |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.3 [64.7, 78.0] | 70.0 [64.0, 76.0] | 75.3 [66.7, 84.0] |
| Underlying SBP (mmHg)a | 122.0 [111.3, 135.3] | 114.7 [107.3, 123.3] | 142.7 [133.3, 152.7] |
| Underlying DBP (mmHg)b | 72.3 [65.3, 79.3] | 70.0 [64.0, 76.0] | 79.0 [71.0, 87.0] |
| Hypertension Stage 1c | 2,201 (46.9) | 590 (21.5) | 1,611 (100.0) |
| Hypertension MDDXd | 1,542 (31.2) | 216 (7.0) | 1,326 (81.9) |
| CVDe | 382 (7.6) | 100 (3.8) | 282 (15.3) |
| Diabetes Mellitusf | 439 (7.9) | 126 (3.1) | 313 (17.9) |
| BP Medications | 1,213 (24.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1,213 (74.5) |
Underlying Systolic Blood Pressure: a 10 mmHg constant was added to SBP measurement of NHANES participants who self-report taking BP medications
Underlying Diastolic Blood Pressure: a 5 mmHg constant was added to SBP measurement of NHANES participants who self-report taking BP medications
Hypertension Stage 1 is defined as mean SBP ≥ 130 mmHg, DBP ≥ 80 mm Hg, or taking BP medications
Hypertension MDDX is defined as physician-diagnosed hypertension
CVD is defined if a physician has ever told you have congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina, heart attack, or stroke
Diabetes Mellitus is defined if a physician ever told you have diabetes mellitus or self-report of taking diabetes medications