Table 3.
Mean differences (95% confidence interval) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and prevalence ratios – PR (95% confidence interval) of hypertension by levels (ng/mg creatinine) of urinary VOC metabolites, restricted to participants with available blood pressure examination data and urinary VOCs, n=4,430 NHANES 2011–2018 participants. MU was measured in n=1,046 NHANES 2017–2018 participants and PMA was measured in n=3,207 NHANES 2011–2016 participants. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, BMI, eGFR, and NHANES cycle year. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, diabetes status, and antihypertensive medication.
| SBP | DBP | Hypertension | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|
| |||||||
| Acrolein, CEMA | N | ||||||
| Q1 (3.64, 56.33) | 1,108 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (56.34, 85.00) | 1,107 | 0.24 (−1.19, 1.67) | 0.00 (−1.41, 1.41) | 0.85 (−0.23, 1.94) | 0.63 (−0.48, 1.73) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Q3 (85.06, 128.2) | 1,107 | 0.56 (−1.03, 2.15) | 0.09 (−1.38, 1.55) | 0.34 (−0.84, 1.52) | −0.07 (−1.20, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
| Q4 (128.3, 4353) | 1,108 | 1.61 (0.07, 3.15) | 0.8 (−0.77, 2.37) | 0.32 (−0.88, 1.53) | −0.13 (−1.22, 0.95) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 0.95 (0.17, 1.73) | 0.53 (−0.25, 1.3) | 0.15 (−0.37, 0.67) | −0.09 (−0.55, 0.37) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Acrolein, 3HPMA | |||||||
| Q1 (6.81, 133.33) | 1,110 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (133.45, 197.8) | 1,105 | 0.14 (−1.16, 1.43) | −0.11 (−1.41, 1.18) | −0.93 (−2.04, 0.18) | −1.02 (−2.12, 0.09) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
| Q3 (198.0, 307.2) | 1,107 | 0.56 (−0.98, 2.10) | 0.55 (−1.01, 2.12) | −0.77 (−2.00, 0.46) | −0.6 (−1.77, 0.57) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) |
| Q4 (307.3, 7947) | 1,108 | 1.28 (−0.33, 2.90) | 1.06 (−0.62, 2.74) | −0.34 (−1.76, 1.09) | −0.24 (−1.60, 1.12) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 0.41 (−0.31, 1.13) | 0.35 (−0.38, 1.09) | −0.18 (−0.80, 0.43) | −0.13 (−0.71, 0.46) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Benzene, MU | |||||||
| Q1 (6.74, 24.23) | 262 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (24.24, 42.54) | 261 | 2.29 (−0.20, 4.78) | 1.93 (−0.93, 4.79) | 2.50 (0.33, 4.68) | 1.95 (−0.32, 4.22) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| Q3 (42.77, 84.86) | 261 | 3.29 (−0.25, 6.82) | 2.78 (−0.22, 5.79) | 1.04 (−1.88, 3.97) | 0.36 (−1.97, 2.69) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) |
| Q4 (85.14, 9294) | 262 | 2.75 (−0.65, 6.15) | 2.36 (−0.74, 5.45) | −1.32 (−4.09, 1.46) | −1.99 (−4.37, 0.39) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| p75 vs p25 | 1,046 | 0.76 (0.05, 1.48) | 0.65 (−0.04, 1.35) | −0.11 (−0.56, 0.35) | −0.28 (−0.65, 0.08) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Benzene, PMA | |||||||
| Q1 (0.09, 0.420) | 809 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (0.424, 0.695) | 804 | 0.73 (−1.26, 2.73) | 0.79 (−1.19, 2.77) | 0.12 (−1.13, 1.36) | 0.42 (−0.84, 1.68) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) |
| Q3 (0.70, 1.145) | 801 | 1.09 (−0.80, 2.97) | 1.05 (−0.86, 2.96) | 0.94 (−0.39, 2.27) | 0.98 (−0.28, 2.23) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
| Q4 (1.146, 13.00) | 793 | 1.44 (−0.60, 3.47) | 1.46 (−0.65, 3.57) | 0.76 (−0.51, 2.02) | 0.95 (−0.29, 2.19) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) |
| p75 vs p25 | 3,207 | 1.14 (−0.85, 3.13) | 1.17 (−0.84, 3.17) | 0.77 (−0.37, 1.92) | 0.86 (−0.23, 1.96) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| 1,3-Butadiene, DHBMA | |||||||
| Q1 (2.75, 229.59) | 1,108 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (229.62, 294.12) | 1,111 | 1.15 (−0.44, 2.75) | 1.08 (−0.45, 2.60) | −0.31 (−1.18, 0.55) | −0.26 (−1.12, 0.60) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Q3 (294.14, 375.0) | 1,104 | 0.84 (−0.74, 2.42) | 0.64 (−0.96, 2.25) | 0.02 (−1.11, 1.14) | 0.06 (−1.08, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Q4 (375.29, 3800) | 1,107 | 2.46 (1.01, 3.92) | 2.35 (0.91, 3.79) | −0.87 (−2.05, 0.32) | −0.65 (−1.76, 0.46) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 2.95 (1.06, 4.85) | 2.93 (1.14, 4.72) | −0.49 (−1.94, 0.96) | −0.18 (−1.56, 1.19) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
| 1,3-Butadiene, MHBMA3 | |||||||
| Q1 (0.21, 2.636) | 1,108 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (2.642, 3.85) | 1,110 | 1.48 (−0.17, 3.12) | 1.18 (−0.38, 2.73) | −0.84 (−1.72, 0.04) | −0.91 (−1.76, −0.05) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
| Q3 (3.86, 5.97) | 1,104 | −0.14 (−1.76, 1.47) | −0.24 (−1.76, 1.27) | −1.09 (−2.18, 0.01) | −0.96 (−2.00, 0.08) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
| Q4 (5.98, 328.4) | 1,108 | 0.60 (−0.74, 1.95) | 0.51 (−0.87, 1.90) | −0.54 (−1.80, 0.72) | −0.50 (−1.73, 0.73) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 0.02 (−0.48, 0.52) | 0.01 (−0.50, 0.52) | −0.23 (−0.74, 0.28) | −0.20 (−0.71, 0.30) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Crotonaldehyde, HPMMA | |||||||
| Q1 (1.19, 140.31) | 1,108 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (140.32, 185.0) | 1,108 | 1.00 (−0.76, 2.76) | 0.63 (−1.20, 2.47) | 1.13 (0.03, 2.23) | 0.95 (−0.12, 2.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
| Q3 (185.1, 265.85) | 1,106 | 1.25 (−0.19, 2.70) | 0.69 (−0.81, 2.19) | 0.68 (−0.63, 1.98) | 0.64 (−0.67, 1.94) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Q4 (265.91, 10947) | 1,108 | 1.27 (−0.46, 3.00) | 0.73 (−1.11, 2.57) | 0.3 (−1.14, 1.74) | 0.43 (−0.94, 1.81) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 0.29 (−0.79, 1.37) | 0.10 (−1.02, 1.23) | −0.17 (−1.10, 0.76) | −0.06 (−0.92, 0.79) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Styrene, PGA | |||||||
| Q1 (3.94, 139.39) | 1,108 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (139.41, 188.52) | 1,107 | −1.25 (−3.26, 0.75) | −1.02 (−3.03, 0.99) | −0.70 (−2.07, 0.67) | −0.42 (−1.73, 0.89) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) |
| Q3 (188.57, 250.0) | 1,116 | −0.85 (−2.28, 0.57) | −0.77 (−2.22, 0.67) | −0.36 (−1.78, 1.06) | −0.18 (−1.53, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
| Q4 (250.41, 32525) | 1,099 | 0.24 (−1.85, 2.33) | 0.05 (−2.05, 2.16) | −1.02 (−2.51, 0.48) | −1.04 (−2.50, 0.42) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 0.34 (−0.73, 1.41) | 0.10 (−0.98, 1.18) | −0.18 (−1.08, 0.72) | −0.25 (−1.12, 0.63) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
| Styrene, MA | |||||||
| Q1 (4.17, 87.61) | 1,108 | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 0.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 (87.62, 121.31) | 1,107 | −0.96 (−2.61, 0.68) | −0.75 (−2.38, 0.89) | −1.47 (−2.62, −0.32) | −1.32 (−2.35, −0.29) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Q3 (121.32, 163.12) | 1,107 | 0.84 (−0.66, 2.34) | 0.67 (−0.76, 2.10) | 0.23 (−1.12, 1.58) | 0.14 (−1.14, 1.42) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Q4 (163.13, 27778) | 1,108 | 1.28 (−0.50, 3.06) | 1.12 (−0.63, 2.87) | 0.36 (−1.01, 1.73) | 0.45 (−0.81, 1.70) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) |
| p75 vs p25 | 4,430 | 0.85 (−0.33, 2.02) | 0.56 (−0.62, 1.74) | 0.51 (−0.29, 1.32) | 0.48 (−0.25, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
Metabolite long names: CEMA, N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine; 3HPMA, N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine; PMA, N-Acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine; MU, t,t-Muconic Acid; DHBMA, N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine; MHBMA3, N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-butenyl)-L-cysteine; HPMMA, N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine; PGA, Phenylglyoxylic acid; MA, Mandelic acid