Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and living conditions of study population

Characteristic feature/s	Mean ± SD¶/Percentage/Ratio Endemic participants n = 546
Age (mean ± SD¶)	49 ± 15 years
18 to 37 years	139 (25.3%)
38 to 57 years	228 (41.7%)
58 to 77 years	172 (31.5%)
78 to 97 years	8 (1.5%)
Gender (M: F)	185: 361 (1: 2)
Marital status
Married	368 (67.4%)
Unmarried	178 (32.6%)
Other	0
Education
No proper education	20 (3.7%)
Grade 1 to 5	38 (7.0%)
Grade 6 to 11	322 (59.0%)
Ordinary level	153 (28.0%)
Advanced level	10 (1.8%)
Degree or above	3 (0.5%)
Occupation
Farmer	92 (16.8%)
Self-employed	26 (4.8%)
Government-sector worker	9 (1.6%)
Private sector	22 (4.0%)
Volunteer worker	4 (0.7%)
Retired	18 (3.3%)
Non-working or not employed	375 (68.7%)
Past travel history (within 6 months)
Yes	161 (29.1%)
No	385 (70.5%)
Walls of the house constructed of
Brick only	378 (69.2%)
Brick and plaster	161 (29.5%)
Other	7 (1.3%)
Roof of the house constructed of
Tiles	372 (68.2%)
Asbestos	131 (24.0%)
Other	43 (7.8%)
Location of participant’s sleeping area
On the floor	23 (4.2%)
On the bed	523 (95.8%)
Use of insect repellants
Yes	251 (46.0%)
No	295 (54.0%)
Use of mosquito nets
Yes	407 (74.5%)
No	139 (25.5%)
Outdoor activity time	Working hours
	Less than 1 hour	1 to 3 hours	More than 3 hours
4 am to 8 am	28 (5.1%)	31(5.8%)	0
8 am to 4 pm	130 (23.8%)	67 (12.3%)	186 (34.0%)
4 pm to 8 pm	29 (5.3%)	37 (6.8%)	11(2.0%)
8 pm to 4 am	0	0	27 (4.9%)
Presence of domestic and peri domestic animals
Cats/dogs or both	298 (54.6%)
Poultry/farm animals	14 (2.6%)
None	234 (42.8%)
Presence of other buildings and features within 50m from the house
Outdoor latrines, store rooms and cattle sheds	338 (61.8%)
Jungles, shrubs, paddy lands, water bodies	93 (17.1%)
Dump sites, compost pits	43 (7.9%)
None	72 (13.2%)

^¶Standard deviation