| FPN | food protein nanofibrils |
| WPI | whey protein isolate |
| β-Lactoglobulin | β-lg |
| SPI | soy protein isolate |
| WPF | WPI nanofibrils |
| GNP | gliadin nanoparticles |
| WHC | water-holding capacity |
| CNCs | cellulose nanocrystals |
| EGCG | Epigallocatechin gallate |
| PEG | poly(ethylene glycol) |
| HEWL | hen egg-white lysozyme |
| CA | citric acid |
| GDL | glucono-δ-lactone |
| SA | sodium alginate |
| XG | xanthan gum |
| Cur | curcumin |
| PVA | polyvinyl alcohol |
| AHB-gel | aerogel-hydrogel biphase gel |