Table 9.

Impact of chlorogenic acids on inflammation in colorectal cancer models.

Trend (↑ ↓)/Target	Study Model	Reference, Year
↓ IL-6 ↓ IL-17 ↓ TNF-a	male Swiss 1,2-dimethylhydrazine/deoxycholic acid (DMH/DCA)-induced mice	[88], 2022
↓ COX-2 ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β ↓ IL-6	LPS-induced SW480—cell culture	[100], 2016
↓ COX-2 ↓ TNF-α	HT-29—cell culture	[93], 2023
↓ NO synthetase ↓ COX-2	Sprague Dawley AOM-induced rats	[100], 2016
↓ TNF-α ↓ HIF1-α	HCT116—cell culture	[101], 2024
↓ NO ↓ iNOS ↓ prostaglandin E(2) ↓ COX-2 ↓ TNF-α ↓ p50 ↓ p65	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage inflammation	[106], 2011

Note: ↑ = up-regulation; ↓ = down-regulation.