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Sol–gel matrices function as adsorbing material for polluting metal cations by incorporating ligands into the matrix. Left side: organically modified matrices with R′ moiety that can coordinate to a metal cation e.g., R′ = C6H5,(CH2)3NH2; (CH2)3CN. Right side: silica matrix doped with ligands, e.g., DTPMP or NTPH.
