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Biosynthetic pathways for the formation of CA (shown in red) from its precursor amino acids (in blue). The involved enzymes are abbreviated: PAL = phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H = cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL = 4-coumaric acid CoA ligase; TAT = tyrosine aminotransferase; and C3H = p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase.
