| EP | Epinephrine |
| AA | Ascorbic acid |
| CNTs | carbon nanotubes |
| CMWCNTs | Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
| PLH | Poly-L-histidine |
| APE | Ammonium persulfate |
| TEM | Transmission electron microscopy |
| EDX | Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy |
| HADDF | high-angle toroidal dark field |
| Glu | Glucose |
| AP | Acetaminophen |
| UA | Uric acid |
| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| FTIR | Fourier transform infrared spectrometer |
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