Table 4.
Vitamin intake (percentage of recommended amounts) across quintiles of the contribution of ultra-processed food consumption to total caloric intake.
| Nutrient | Overall | Quintiles of % Contribution of Ultra-Processed Foods to Total Energy Intake | p-Value Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Vitamin A a | −19.1 | 354.8 | 10.2 | 18.6 | −38.7 | −35.1 | −50.5 | 0.074 |
| Thiamin a | −3.23 | 60.7 | −24.3 | −17.8 | −3.40 | 6.49 | 22.8 | <0.001 |
| Riboflavin a | −3.83 | 71.8 | −10.8 | −5.43 | −2.85 | 0.49 | −0.53 | 0.64 |
| Vitamin B6 a | −28.0 | 65.3 | −36.5 | −31.9 | −23.3 | −20.1 | −28.3 | 0.011 |
| Niacin a | 28.6 | 78.0 | 21.3 | 28.8 | 25.0 | 35.7 | 32.2 | 0.25 |
| Vitamin C a | 63.8 | 296.8 | 67.1 | 96.5 | 35.4 | 64.3 | 53.8 | 0.41 |
| Vitamin D a | −82.4 | 26.4 | −84.0 | −79.8 | −83.7 | −81.8 | −83.7 | 0.27 |
| Vitamin E a | −70.5 | 16.0 | −69.2 | −70.3 | −70.0 | −70.8 | −72.1 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin B12 a | 138.9 | 529.7 | 165.3 | 189.7 | 145.6 | 119.7 | 74.2 | 0.068 |
Sources: a—Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Statistically significant p-Values are in bold. Nonparametric multiple linear regression adjusted by age and participation in a food assistance program.