Figure 5.

Potential ranges and range dynamics of the 12 major invasive wasp species under future scenarios. The potential ranges are shown in grayscale. The range dynamics are indicated by expanding ranges in redscale, the range expansion ratios in bluescale, and the range similarity indices in yellowscale. Under most scenarios, Polistes dominula, Vespa crabro, and Vespula germanica were projected to show larger potential ranges than the other species; Vespa velutina nigrithorax and Polistes chinensis were projected to have the higher range expansion ratios; Polistes versicolor and P. chinensis were projected to have lower range similarity indices; and Vespa velutina and Polistes dominula were projected to have larger expanding ranges.