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. 2024 Jul 14;25(14):7715. doi: 10.3390/ijms25147715

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic of preparation for MSC-derived exosomes. Classical separation methods include ultracentrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, polymer-based precipitation, and size-exclusion chromatography. Concurrently, technologies for isolation, exemplified by microfluidics, immunology, and covalent chemistry, are in development.