Table 1.

Chitosan-based hydrogels in neural regeneration.

Hydrogel Structure	Hydrogel Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics	Neural Disease/Disorder Targeted	Ref
Thiolated chitosan hydrogel containing taurine	Interconnected pores, biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustained release of taurine	Peripheral nerve gap	[8]
Chitosan conduits filled with simvastatin/Pluronic F-127 hydrogel	Scaffold support, increased neurotrophic factors	Peripheral nerve gap	[9]
Carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel (radiation-induced crosslinking)	Biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, hydrophilic properties, scaffold support	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[10]
Injectable black phosphorus nanosheets and lipoic acid-modified chitosan hydrogel loaded with tazarotene (LAMC/BP@TA)	Conductivity, angiogenic potential, neurogenic potential	Spinal cord injury	[13]
Substance P-conjugated chitosan hydrochloride hydrogel (CSCl-SP)	Stability of SP, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition, nerve regeneration	Full-thickness skin defects	[21]
Chitosan tubes prefilled with aligned fibrin nanofiber hydrogel (AFG)	Mimics nerve ECM, supports adhesion and proliferation of Schwann cells, promotes axonal growth	Facial nerve injury	[39]
Chitosan/beta-glycerophosphate/salt hydrogel with aligned conductive nanofibers (polycaprolactone/gelatin/SWCNTs)	Conductivity, mechanical properties matching neural tissue, interconnected structure	Nerve tissue regeneration	[55]