Table 4.

Hyaluronate-based hydrogels in neural regeneration.

Hydrogel Structure	Hydrogel Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics	Neural Disease/Disorder Targeted	Ref
Hyaluronan/methylcellulose hydrogel with anti-inflammatory peptide and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)	Minimally swelling, sustained release; reduces inflammation, promotes neuronal survival	Spinal cord injury	[14]
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-functionalized hyaluronic acid hydrogel	Antioxidant effect; promotes tissue reconnection, protects bladder tissue	Spinal cord transection	[15]
Chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogel for nerve growth factor (NGF) sustained release	Rapid gelation, interconnected channels, controllable pore diameter, suitable swelling and degradation behavior	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[41]
Lithium-loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel	Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory; promotes nerve regeneration	Peripheral nerve injury	[42]
Matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive, hyaluronic acid-based biomimetic hydrogel containing BDNF	Promotes stem cell differentiation, contains IKVAV peptide and BDNF, supports neural differentiation	Spinal cord injury	[48]
Hyaluronic acid/phenylboronic acid/poly (vinyl alcohol)/heparin hydrogel loaded with glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)	Injectable, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, biocompatible, sustained release; supports nerve regeneration	Peripheral nerve injury	[58]
Hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel nerve guidance conduit	Simulates extracellular matrix, promotes axonal extension.	Peripheral nerve injury	[59]