Table 7.

Conductive hydrogels in neural regeneration.

Hydrogel Structure	Hydrogel Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics	Neural Disease/Disorder Targeted	Ref
HA-modified polypyrrole self-healing hydrogel (HASPy)	Injectability, biodegradability, biocompatibility; targets IL-17 signaling pathway, promotes remyelination	Peripheral nerve injury	[35]
Injectable self-healing hydrogel with polyaniline (PANI) on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and aldehyde-based hyaluronic acid (ALHA) (ALHA/CMCS/CP)	Biocompatibility, elastic modulus, good electrical conductivity; supports Schwann cell proliferation and migration, reduces tissue resistivity	Peripheral nerve injury	[36]
Conductive immunomodulatory hydrogel bandage composed of extracellular matrix, oxidized polysaccharides, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and loaded with Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA)	Adhesive, conductive, self-assembled; modulates immune response, supports axonal growth, prevents muscle atrophy	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[37]
Chitosan/oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose/reduced graphene oxide/asiaticoside liposome hydrogel	Conductive, nontoxic; promotes adhesion and proliferation of nerve cells, inhibits scar formation, enhances electrical stimulation	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[51]
Plasticine-like conductive hydrogel composed of gelatin, polypyrrole, and tannic acid	Shape-persistent, self-healing, enhanced axonal regeneration and remyelination	Peripheral nerve injury	[52]
Reduced graphene oxide/gelatin-methacrylate hydrogel (r(GO/GelMA))	Conductive, flexible, mechanically stable, and permeable, which makes it suitable for use as NGCs; promotes neuritogenesis	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[53]
Silk fibroin hydrogel with graphene oxide and fibroblast exosome	Enhances electron transmission, modulates cellular behaviors, promotes vascular regeneration	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[54]
Aniline pentamer-crosslinked chitosan (CS-AP) hydrogel	Electroactive, better degradation; promotes capillary formation, supports nerve cell cytocompatibility, enhances nerve repair and muscle reinnervation	Peripheral nerve injury	[76]
Sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel with polypyrrole (SA/CMCS/PPy)	Adjustable conductivity, biocompatibility; supports cell growth with electrical stimulation	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[77]
Graphene oxide/oligo(polyethylene glycol fumarate) hydrogel (GO-OPF)	Electrically conductive, modulated properties; supports nerve cell adhesion and proliferation, enhances neurite extension	Nerve regeneration	[78]
Zwitterionic conductive hydrogel-based NGC	Mechanical stability, electrical conductivity, good cytocompatibility; promotes Schwann cell proliferation and neurite length	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[79]
Capacitive-coupling-responsive hydrogel scaffold	Wireless in situ electrical stimulation, biodegradable; promotes remyelination, accelerates axon regeneration,	Spinal cord injury	[80]
Black phosphorus (BP) hydrogel NGCs loaded with neuregulin 1 (Nrg1)	Good flexibility; promotes Schwann cell proliferation, supports neuron-branch elongation	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[81]