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. 2024 Jul 19;13(14):4209. doi: 10.3390/jcm13144209

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Guidelines for pharmacological intervention at every phase of heart failure. Recommendations for pharmacological therapy across the spectrum of HF stages, from risk prevention to advanced HF (stages A to D), are delineated below. Each treatment is color-coded based on the class of recommendation and level of evidence as outlined in HF guidelines. ACEI (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor), ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker), ARNI (angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor), CKD (chronic kidney disease), GDMT (guideline-directed medical therapy), HFmrEF (HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction), HFpEF (HF with preserved ejection fraction), HFrEF (HF with reduced ejection fraction), LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction), MCS (mechanical circulatory support), MRA (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist), SGLT2 (sodium–glucose cotransporter 2), uACR (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio). Adapted from Bozkurt, 2024 [4].