Table 2.
Differences in outcome indicators between groups at baseline and after the intervention.
| All (n = 33) | EG (n = 16) | CG (n = 17) | Baseline | Post-Intervention | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Baseline | After | p | Baseline | After | p | EG vs. CG | EG vs. CG | |||
| t | p | t | p | ||||||||
| Muscle strength | |||||||||||
| Affected side | |||||||||||
| Upper extremity | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 0.082 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 0.192 | 0.01 | 0.940 | 0.07 | 0.794 |
| Lower extremity | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 0.001 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 0.047 | 0.26 | 0.611 | 0.25 | 0.618 |
| Unaffected side | |||||||||||
| Upper extremity | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 0.034 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 0.073 | 2.07 | 0.160 | 1.07 | 0.310 |
| Lower extremity | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 0.128 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.085 | 0.01 | 0.913 | 0.11 | 0.744 |
| NHISS | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 0.775 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.315 | 0.22 | 0.646 | 0.88 | 0.357 |
| Depression | 10.2 ± 4.5 | 12.1 ± 1.4 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 | 8.5 ± 5.8 | 9.2 ± 5.6 | 0.719 | 5.83 | 0.022 | 0.00 | 0.994 |
| Anxiety | 10.9 ± 5.2 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 11.0 ± 2.3 | 0.090 | 9.4 ± 6.6 | 8.9 ± 5.8 | 0.827 | 3.20 | 0.083 | 1.83 | 0.186 |
| mRS | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 0.112 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 0.001 | 1.23 | 0.277 | 0.16 | 0.691 |
| PASS | 20.6 ± 12.0 | 21.0 ± 12.3 | 30.0 ± 8.0 | 0.020 | 20.1 ± 12.1 | 24.2 ± 12.5 | 0.336 | 0.04 | 0.837 | 2.45 | 0.128 |
| FIM | 88.2 ± 28.0 | 95.4 ± 23.5 | 108.3 ± 17.5 | 0.088 | 81.4 ± 30.9 | 94.9 ± 34.2 | 0.235 | 2.11 | 0.156 | 1.95 | 0.173 |
| Barthel Index | 46.7 ± 24.2 | 52.5 ± 23.0 | 57.2 ± 27.6 | 0.605 | 41.2 ± 24.7 | 53.5 ± 29.5 | 0.195 | 1.85 | 0.183 | 0.14 | 0.716 |
Note: p values were from a paired t-test, student t-test, or chi-squared test. Abbreviations: CG, comparison group; EG, experimental group; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NHISS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; PASS, Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke.