Figure 2.
Proposed molecular mechanisms for the therapeutic activity of N-acetylcysteine after oral administration in chronic respiratory diseases. NAC: N-acetylcysteine; GSH: glutathione; RSSH: persulfides; RSSnSR: polysulfides; NKA: neurokinin A; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: Interleukin-1beta; IL-8: Interleukin-8; ROS: reactive oxygen species.