Table 2.

New emerging imaging modalities for the management of AS.

	Indication/Diagnostic	Advantages	Limits
Contrast-enhanced CT [90,119,228]	–Quantification of both calcified and non-calcified plaques, i.e., fibrous plaques. –Assessment of the myocardium, including measurement of extracellular volume and GLS	–May be preferred over the non-contrast technique, especially in cases where fibrosis is a significant contributor to valve obstruction.	–With contrast –Some contraindications
PET scan [229,230]	–Evaluation of myocardial blood flow, function, and metabolism	–Non-invasive –Improved image quality (especially in obese patients) –High temporal and spatial resolution –Relatively short imaging protocols	–Less available –Costly imaging modality –Some contraindications
CT angiography [231,232]	– Used in the pre-interventional evaluation of TAVR to achieve the following: Determine the access route and size of the aortic annulus. Evaluate coronary anatomy. Quantify calcified and non-calcified coronary plaques. –Select optimal valve bioprosthesis size	–Non-invasive imaging –High temporal resolution –High diagnostic accuracy	–With contrast –Some contraindications

CT = computed tomography; GLS = global longitudinal strain; TAVR = transcatheter aortic valve replacement; PET = positron emission tomography.