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. 2024 Jul 17;15(7):197. doi: 10.3390/jfb15070197

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Some proposed biofilm-associated reduction mechanisms: (A) electro-repulsive forces; (B) low oxygen due to reactions lead to aerobic bacteria death; (C) hydrogen bubbles lead to bacteria detachment; (D) electrostatic forces; (E) oxygen bubbles lead to bacteria detachment and (F) interaction between Reactive Oxygen Species and bacteria lead to cell death.