Table 1.

Clinical trials between 1997 and 2018.

Year	Study	Treatment Group	Overall Survival	Survival Rate	Notable Adverse Events	Results
1997 [15,33]	First study on PDAC	Gemcitabine vs. 5-FU	5.65 months vs. 4.41 months	18% vs. 2%	Less toxicity in gemcitabine.	Gemcitabine became the standard of care
2011 [15,16,19,34]	ACCORD11/PRODIGE4	FOLFIRINOX vs. gemcitabine	11.1 months vs. 6.8 months	Degradation of quality of life: 31% vs. 66%	Diarrhea, neuropathy (more in FOLFIRINOX)	Improved and delayed QoL impairment made FOLFIRINOX the preferred strategy
2013 [15,16,35]	MPACT	Nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine monotherapy	8.5 months vs. 6.7 months	35% vs. 22%	Neutropenia, fatigue, neuropathy (in the nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine group)	The combination improved overall survival and response rate but more side effects
2016 [15,16,36,37,38]	NAPOLI-1	Nanoliposomal irinotecan + 5-FU/FA, 5 FU/FA, Nanoliposomal monotherapy	6.1, 4.2, 4.9 months	N/A	Neutropenia, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue (in the nanoliposomal irinotecan/5-FU and folinic acid combination)	Survival benefits of nal-IRI+5-FU/LV versus 5-FU/LV
2017 [39]	ESPAC4	Gemcitabine + capecitabine vs. gemcitabine	28.0 months vs. 25.5 months	N/A	N/A	The adjuvant combination is a better standard of care
2018 [40]	PRODIGE24	Modified FOLFIRINOX vs. gemcitabine	54.4 months vs. 35.0	Longer with mFOLFIRINOX	Higher toxicity in mFOLFIRINOX	Longer survival with FOLFIRINOX at the expense of more toxic effects