Table 4.
The concentration of non-proteinogenic plasma free amino acids and related metabolites at rest, under exercise-induced exhaustion, and during post-exercise recovery in the four main training phases of a 9-month cycle. All values are expressed in μmol∙L−1. Significant ANOVA effects of the training phase, exercise stage, and their interaction are shown in bold. Significant post-hoc differences from a training phase or exercise stage: T—transition; G—general; S—specific; C—competition; R—rest; E—exhaustion; P15—15 min post exercise; P30—30 min post exercise.
| Training Phase | Rest | Exhaustion | Post Exercise | ANOVA Effects p-Value (η2), Post-Hoc |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15th min | 30th min | Training Phase | Exercise Stage | Interaction | ||||
| 1-Methylhistidi-ne | T | 10.9 ± 9.4 | 9.2 ± 8.1 | 10.1 ± 8.6 | 9.8 ± 8.2 | 0.553 (0.05) |
<0.001 (0.16) R > E,P15,P30 |
0.107 (0.12) |
| G | 10.6 ± 9.3 | 10.6 ± 9.9 | 10.1 ± 9.0 | 10.9 ± 10.1 | ||||
| S | 7.9 ± 7.8 | 7.0 ± 7.3 | 6.6 ± 5.9 | 7.0 ± 6.8 | ||||
| C | 14.2 ± 9.6 | 11.1 ± 7.1 | 11.4 ± 7.2 | 12.0 ± 7.9 | ||||
| 3-Methylhisti- dine |
T | 5.02 ± 1.24 | 4.77 ± 1.05 | 5.18 ± 1.35 | 5.27 ± 1.06 | 0.738 (0.03) |
<0.001 (0.15) E < P15,P30 |
0.320 (0.08) |
| G | 5.16 ± 1.17 | 5.31 ± 1.62 | 5.34 ± 1.00 | 5.72 ± 1.33 | ||||
| S | 4.89 ± 1.56 | 4.65 ± 1.30 | 5.18 ± 1.52 | 5.10 ± 1.57 | ||||
| C | 5.65 ± 1.20 | 5.13 ± 1.04 | 5.35 ± 1.32 | 5.70 ± 1.10 | ||||
| Aminoadipic acid | T | 0.74 ± 0.23 | 0.82 ± 0.29 | 0.98 ± 0.33 R | 0.88 ± 0.23 | 0.101 (0.14) |
<0.001 (0.34) R < E,P15,P30 E < P15 P15 > P30 |
0.023
(0.15) |
| G | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 1.08 ± 0.46 R | 1.15 ± 0.23 R | 1.03 ± 0.25 | ||||
| S | 0.79 ± 0.25 | 1.02 ± 0.34 | 1.11 ± 0.28 R | 0.96 ± 0.21 | ||||
| C | 1.11 ± 0.32 | 1.12 ± 0.25 | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.22 | ||||
| Aminobutyric acid | T | 22.0 ± 7.0 | 17.5 ± 7.5 | 20.4 ± 7.5 | 21.7 ± 8.2 | 0.883 (0.02) |
<0.001 (0.57) R > E,P15 E < P15,P30 |
0.103 (0.12) |
| G | 22.3 ± 7.0 | 18.4 ± 6.1 | 21.6 ± 5.6 | 22.7 ± 7.2 | ||||
| S | 22.3 ± 6.8 | 18.1 ± 6.1 | 20.8 ± 6.8 | 20.8 ± 6.1 | ||||
| C | 22.6 ± 7.5 | 15.6 ± 4.4 | 18.5 ± 5.4 | 19.6 ± 5.6 | ||||
| β-Aminoisobu- tyric acid |
T | 1.42 ± 0.56 | 1.98 ± 0.76 R | 1.96 ± 0.98 R | 1.89 ± 0.72 R | 0.889 (0.02) |
<0.001 (0.14) R < E |
0.007
(0.17) |
| G | 1.63 ± 0.58 | 1.93 ± 0.68 | 1.77 ± 0.73 | 1.97 ± 0.79 | ||||
| S | 2.03 ± 0.83 | 2.06 ± 0.84 | 1.93 ± 0.77 | 1.88 ± 0.77 | ||||
| C | 1.95 ± 0.67 | 2.11 ± 0.84 | 1.93 ± 0.61 | 1.91 ± 0.62 | ||||
| β-Alanine | T | 29.9 ± 9.1 | 27.9 ± 6.0 | 29.7 ± 6.9 | 31.8 ± 5.9 |
<0.001 (0.47) C > T,G,S |
0.045 (0.07) E < P30 |
0.162 (0.10) |
| G | 30.5 ± 9.6 | 30.9 ± 13.0 | 28.6 ± 5.9 | 40.9 ± 19.7 | ||||
| S | 31.2 ± 7.4 | 25.6 ± 4.7 | 34.8 ± 7.2 | 27.7 ± 6.8 | ||||
| C | 38.4 ± 9.2 | 36.2 ± 6.4 | 40.1 ± 8.2 | 43.0 ± 9.6 | ||||
| Citrulline | T | 27.7 ± 7.5 | 25.0 ± 7.7 | 27.0 ± 10.7 | 26.3 ± 10.4 | 0.906 (0.01) | 0.053 (0.07) |
0.182 (0.10) |
| G | 29.1 ± 8.9 | 29.3 ± 9.5 | 27.8 ± 6.2 | 28.9 ± 6.2 | ||||
| S | 27.9 ± 6.6 | 26.5 ± 6.6 | 28.1 ± 6.8 | 26.4 ± 7.0 | ||||
| C | 33.9 ± 19.1 | 27.7 ± 9.7 | 26.4 ± 7.0 | 25.8 ± 7.5 | ||||
| Ethanolamine | T | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 11.6 ± 1.5 | 10.1 ± 1.9 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 0.430 (0.07) |
<0.001 (0.64) R < E,P15,P30 E > P15,P30 P15 < P30 |
0.338 (0.08) |
| G | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 12.0 ± 1.6 | 10.9 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 1.7 | ||||
| S | 8.7 ± 1.8 | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 10.8 ± 1.9 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | ||||
| C | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 12.7 ± 1.7 | 11.2 ± 1.5 | 10.5 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Hydroxyproli-ne | T | 11.7 ± 7.0 | 8.8 ± 6.2 | 10.3 ± 6.1 | 11.6 ± 7.6 | 0.563 (0.05) |
<0.001 (0.47) R > E,P15 E < P15,P30 P15 > P30 |
0.794 (0.04) |
| G | 12.3 ± 6.8 | 9.9 ± 5.2 | 11.0 ± 5.5 | 12.5 ± 6.4 | ||||
| S | 10.1 ± 6.3 | 7.7 ± 4.9 | 9.3 ± 5.4 | 9.6 ± 6.2 | ||||
| C | 9.6 ± 4.9 | 6.8 ± 3.7 | 8.1 ± 4.9 | 8.4 ± 3.9 | ||||
| Ornithine | T | 61.1 ± 16.9 | 54.5 ± 13.7 | 59.4 ± 25.8 | 56.8 ± 19.0 | 0.680 (0.04) |
<0.001 (0.20) R > E,P15,P30 |
0.172 (0.10) |
| G | 67.7 ± 16.7 | 63.6 ± 12.5 | 60.0 ± 11.7 | 60.3 ± 9.8 | ||||
| S | 60.7 ± 12.8 | 52.7 ± 11.1 | 56.2 ± 14.2 | 51.8 ± 12.1 | ||||
| C | 69.6 ± 24.3 | 59.0 ± 19.1 | 44.1 ± 15.6 | 54.1 ± 14.5 | ||||
| Phosphoetha- nolamine |
T | 3.62 ± 3.04 | 3.55 ± 2.99 | 3.97 ± 2.14 | 3.92 ± 2.60 | 0.037 (0.19) |
0.026 (0.08) R < P15 |
0.181 (0.10) |
| G | 3.12 ± 1.62 | 4.35 ± 2.46 | 4.24 ± 2.31 | 4.03 ± 2.17 | ||||
| S | 2.43 ± 1.34 | 3.70 ± 1.82 | 4.28 ± 2.34 | 3.85 ± 2.31 | ||||
| C | 2.09 ± 1.01 | 2.05 ± 0.55 | 1.98 ± 0.99 | 1.53 ± 0.78 | ||||
| Sarcosine | T | 2.31 ± 0.81 | 1.85 ± 0.61 | 2.20 ± 0.96 | 2.47 ± 1.03 E |
<0.001 (0.41) T,G,S < C |
<0.001 (0.33) R > E,P15 E < P15,P30 |
0.017
(0.15) |
| G | 2.39 ± 0.86 | 2.15 ± 0.95 | 2.46 ± 1.03 | 2.43 ± 0.79 | ||||
| S | 2.71 ± 0.94 | 2.36 ± 0.88 | 2.59 ± 0.85 | 2.68 ± 1.30 | ||||
| C | 4.46 ± 0.83 T,G,S | 3.63 ± 0.91 T,R | 3.80 ± 0.82 T,R | 4.01 ± 0.97 T,G | ||||
| Taurine | T | 68.7 ± 43.6 | 63.6 ± 37.8 | 71.1 ± 27.8 | 76.2 ± 34.1 |
0.008 (0.25) T > C G > C |
0.056 (0.07) |
0.338 (0.08) |
| G | 60.4 ± 21.7 | 70.9 ± 25.7 | 70.7 ± 16.4 | 70.0 ± 15.5 | ||||
| S | 53.7 ± 19.6 | 65.0 ± 20.3 | 73.8 ± 22.9 | 65.7 ± 16.5 | ||||
| C | 42.9 ± 10.9 | 42.5 ± 6.9 | 45.0 ± 13.0 | 40.2 ± 8.0 | ||||
| Total non-proteino- genic PFAAs |
T | 254 ± 69 | 231 ± 68 | 252 ± 67 | 258 ± 69 | 0.467 (0.06) | 0.109 (0.05) |
0.069 (0.13) |
| G | 254 ± 41 | 260 ± 49 | 256 ± 23 | 271 ± 27 | ||||
| S | 235 ± 48 | 228 ± 45 | 255 ± 48 | 233 ± 44 | ||||
| C | 256 ± 46 | 226 ± 28 | 228 ± 34 | 210 ± 71 | ||||