Table 1.
FDA-Approved Anticancer Nanomedicines
| Clinical Products | Description | Treating Cancer | Clinical Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abraxane® | Albumin Load PTX | Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (surgery or radiotherapy not an option), metastatic breast cancer (secondary), metastatic pancreatic cancer (primary) | No hypersensitivity |
| NanoTax® | PTX nanoparticles prepared by SCF technology | Malignant tumor of the peritoneum | Reduced systemic exposure and toxicity22 |
| Genexol® | PTX micelles | Breast cancer, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC | Reduced hypersensitivity and neurotoxic effects |
| Opaxio® | PTX polymer formulations | Glioblastoma | Avoid exposure of normal tissues to high levels of unconjugated active chemotherapy and its associated toxicity (hair loss, infections and cardiac symptoms)23 |
| Paclical® | Paclitaxel micelles | Epithelial ovarian cancer | Allows for higher doses, shorter infusion times, elimination of the need for preoperative medications, and improved patient safety |
| MagForce NanoTherm® | Magnetic Thermal Therapy | Glioblastoma | Lower magneto-thermal conversion efficiency, severe MRI artefacts, susceptibility to tumor leakage |
| AuroShell® | Thermal therapy with near-infrared laser sources | Prostate cancer | Reduce side effects |
| NBTXR3/Hensify® | Crystalline Hafnium Oxide Nanoparticles | Locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma | To improve the anti-tumor efficacy of radiotherapy while reducing its potential side effects, such as damage to surrounding healthy tissue24 |
| Pegasys® | PEG-coupled interferon | Persistent (chronic) infection with hepatitis C virus or hepatitis B virus | Longer half-life |
| Oncaspar® | PEG-coupled asparaginase | Paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | Hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombosis, nausea, vomiting and fatigue25 |
| Neulasta® | PEG-modified recombinant methionyl human G-CSF (r-metHuG-CSF) | Non-myeloid malignant tumor | Enhanced activity compared to filgrastim26 |
| Eligard® | PLGA-encapsulated leuprolide | Advanced prostate cancer | Lack of overall safety and tolerability and outbreak drug release27 |
| Kadcyla® | Ado- Trastuzumab Emtansine | Recurrent HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer | The most common side effects are nausea, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, low levels of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), elevated liver enzyme levels, headache and constipation |
| VYXEOS® | Liposome-encapsulated cytarabine with zorubicin | Acute myeloid leukaemia | Can lead to a severe generalised rash |
| Patisiran/ONPATTRO® | Liposome-encapsulated siRNA | Transthyretin (TTR)-mediated amyloidosis | Back pain, nausea, abdominal pain, dyspnoea. |
| Doxil/ Caelyx® | PEGylated liposome doxorubicin | Metastatic breast cancer, advanced ovarian cancer | Hand-foot syndrome, a sign of idiosyncratic non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction28,29 |
| Myocet® | Liposome doxorubicin | Treatment of metastatic breast cancer (primary) | May reduce cardiotoxicity associated with doxorubicin treatment and may avoid unwanted toxicity caused by PEG or adriamycin30 |
| Marqibo® | Liposome vincristine | Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (tertiary) | Higher maximum tolerated dose, superior antitumor activity and delivery of more active drug to the target tissue31 |
| MEPACT® | Liposomal mifamurtide | Osteosarcoma | Well tolerated, but with sequelae such as chills, fever, headache, nausea and myalgia32 |
| Onivyde® | PEGylated liposome irinotecan | Metastatic pancreatic cancer (secondary) | May cause life-threatening neutropenia, diarrhoea33,34 |
| Depocyt® | Liposomal adriamycin | Neoplastic meningitis | Develop serious treatment-related neurological complications35 |
Abbreviations: SCF, supercritical fluid; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.