Table 2.

Typical applications reported for each design strategy.

Design strategy	Reported applications of LoC
Capillary pinning-based devices	Primarily used for 3D culture of hepatic tissues inside hydrogels for toxicity prediction and generating vascularized liver tissues for disease modeling [76,77]
Sacrificial or non-sacrificial materials-based devices	To mimic the tubular structures of bile ducts and blood vessels. This approach is used to culture 3D hepatic tissues under dynamic perfusion, model cholestatic liver diseases, and study liver biology [47,78,79]
Milli-compartments or micro-compartments-based strategy	It can typically be used for conducting multi-organ interaction studies with liver. Several applications include PK profile prediction, transwell-based dynamic studies, and culture of various forms of 3D hepatic tissues for toxicity and clearance prediction [[80], [81], [82], [83]]
Membrane-based compartmentalization strategy	For sandwich culture of liver hepatocytes and co-culture with other liver specific cells for toxicity prediction [13]