Table 4.

Collaborative studies between pharma industries and LoC makers.

Pharmaceutical industries involved	Chip maker	Study objective	Outcomes of study	Reference
Sanofi and Merck	Mimetas	Evaluation of the reproducibility and robustness of the high-throughput LoC platform in PK and toxicity studies	Eight or more replicates required to address high variability of LoC	[70]
Roche	CN Bio	Intrinsic hepatic clearance prediction	Predicted CLint for 58 % of the 12 compounds within the 3-fold deviation	[82]
Roche	CN Bio	To study gut and liver clearances of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil	Human liver and gut clearances were successfully predicted. Comparison with in vivo data was missing.	[143]
Pfizer	Javelin Biotech	Hepatic clearance prediction	Predicted hepatic clearance of 83 % of the 12 compounds within 2-fold	[81]
Abbvie and Janssen Pharmaceuticals	Emulate Inc	DILI prediction	Sensitivity = 87 %, Specificity = 100 %	[13]
AstraZeneca	Emulate Inc	To compare liver spheroids and liver chip culture for DILI prediction	Both models were equally promising with similar DILI sensitivity	[119]
UCB Biopharma	TissUse	To compare liver spheroids and liver chip culture and evaluate for drug safety and metabolism	Similar functional activity but higher metabolite turnover of diclofenac in liver chips	[80]
AstraZeneca, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals	Emulate Inc.	Evaluation of human and cross-species liver toxicity	Platform predicted species-specific toxicity of several compounds correctly	[55]