Figure 4.

The impact of vitD and K on VC and CVD (AGEs—advanced glycation end products; BMP-2—bone morphogenetic protein 2; CVD—cardiovascular disease; dp-cMGP—dephosphorylated–carboxylated matrix Gla protein; dp-ucMGP—dephosphorylated–uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein; Gla—γ-carboxylated glutamic acid; IL—interleukin; NF-kB—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; p-cMGP—phosphorylated-carboxylated matrix Gla protein; RAGE—receptor for advanced glycation end products; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VC—vascular calcification; VitD—vitamin D; VitK—vitamin K; VSMC—vascular smooth muscular cells; ↑—increase; ↓—decrease).