Figure 5.

The impact of vitamins D and K on bone mineralization (Akt—protein kinase B; ALP—alkaline phosphatase; BMD—bone mineral density; BMP-2—bone morphogenetic protein 2; cOC—carboxylated osteocalcin; IκB—inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B; NFATc1—nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1; NF-kB—Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; OPG—osteoprotegerin; PI3K—Phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase; RANKL—the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; RUNX2—runt-related transcription factor 2; ucOC—undercarboxylated osteocalcin; VDR—vitamin D receptor; VitD—vitamin D; VitK—vitamin K; ↑—increase; ↓—decrease).