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The CRISPR/Cas12 mechanism involves cleaving the target region near the PAM sequence, creating an R-loop and R cycle. The CRISPR/Cas13a mechanism activates Cas13a protein, which encodes crRNA, NUC particles, and HEPN domains for target RNA. The CRISPR/Cas14 system consists of Cas14 protein, tracrRNA and crRNA, Case 14, and target proteins of ssDNA. The PAM domain meets usability and application criteria for future genetic engineering.
