Table 2.

Comparison of the mean self-efficacy score of the patients in the study groups.

variable	Groups	N	Before the intervention	After the intervention	Results	Effect size (Cohen's d)
			Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Self-efficacy	Control	32	21.15 ± 2.46	21.60 ± 2.38	*aP = 0.87	0.01
	Telephone	31	21.86 ± 2.98	38.62 ± 3.86	*P < 0.001	0.48
	WhatsApp	31	19.10 ± 2.13	42.35 ± 4.09	*P < 0.001	0.86
Results			**bP = 0.21	**P < 0.001	–	–

^a*Paired sample t-test

^b** one way ANOVA