Table 3.

Comparison of the mean depression score of the patients in the study groups.

variable	Groups	N	Before the intervention	After the intervention	Results	Effect size (Cohen's d)
			Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Depression	Control	32	14.15 ± 2.35	14.55 ± 1.81	*aP = 0.63	0.09
	Telephone	31	15.29 ± 2.13	9.14 ± 1.92	*P < 0.001	1.08
	WhatsApp	31	14.45 ± 2.32	9.20 ± 1.23	*P < 0.001	1.06
Results			**bP = 0.14	**P < 0.001	–	–

^a*Paired sample t-test

^b** one way ANOVA