6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
α-syn	synuclein α
Aβ	amyloid β
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ATG	autophagy-related gene
BBB	blood–brain barrier
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BV-2	murine microglia cell line
CEBPβ	CCAA T/enhancer-binding protein β
CMA	chaperone-mediated autophagy
CNS	central nervous system
COX-2	cyclooxygenase 2
CREB	cAMP-response element-binding protein
DA	dopamine
EPS	exopolysaccharide
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ETC	electron transport chain
EVs	extracellular vesicles
FOXO3a	Forkhead Transcription Factor O Subfamily Member 3a
GFAP	glial fibrillary acidic protein
GR	glucocorticoid receptor
GSK-3β	glycogen synthase kinase-3β
HDAC	NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase
HDACi	histone deacetylase inhibitor
HSV	Herpes simplex virus
IFN	interferon
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
IL	interleukin
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
LAB	lactic acid bacteria
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LRRK2	leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
LTA	lipoteichoic acids
MAO	monoamine oxidase
MCT1	monocarboxylate transporter 1
MIP	macrophage inflammatory protein
MMP-3	metalloproteinase 3
MPP+	1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NAMO	nicotinamide N-oxide
ND	neurodegenerative disease
Neurog2	neurogenin 2
NF-κB	nuclear factor κB
NFT	neurofibrillary tangle
NO	nitric oxide
NQO1	quinone oxidoreductase 1
NRF-1	nuclear respiratory factor 1
NSC	neural stem cells
OPC	oligodendrocyte precursor cells
OS	oxidative stress
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PGC1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
QSP	quorum sensing peptides
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SCFA	short-chain fatty acid
SGK1	serum- and glucocorticoid kinase 1
SH-SY5Y	human neuroblastoma cel line
SIRT	sirtuin
SK-MEL-28	human melanoma cell line
TFAM	mitochondrial transcription factor A
TH	tyrosine hydroxylase
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor α
UPS	ubiquitin-proteasome system
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor