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. 2024 Jul 21;16(14):2359. doi: 10.3390/nu16142359

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The molecular mechanism of the contribution of growth factors found in bovine colostrum to wound healing. Growth factors found in bovine colostrum stimulate the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways through receptor binding, promoting the proliferation and differentiation of cells in the affected area. Consequently, the wound-healing process is accelerated [25,26]. (p85: regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p110: catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog, Akt: protein kinase B, PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex, Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain, mTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex, LKB1: liver kinase B1, AMPK1: AMP-activated protein kinase, GRB2: growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, SOS: Son of Sevenless, Ras: rat sarcoma, Raf: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase).