Table 2.
Clinical trials on growth factor supplementation.
| Target Group | Study Design | Dose and Duration | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trained men | Pre-post-intervention study with repeated measures | 60 g bovine colostrum Total: 4 weeks |
BC does not affect blood IGF-1 or IGF binding protein-3 levels. | [66] |
| Human keratinocytes | Prospective experimental study | Not specified | BC supplementation induces mitogenic and motogenic effects on human keratinocytes, promoting cell proliferation and migration. | [67] |
| Guinea pigs | Prospective experimental study | Daily application of liquid formulation or gel formulation of the IM fraction on wounds Total: 23 days |
Colostrum-derived whey immune fraction (IM fraction) inhibits collagen gel contraction in vitro, delays wound closure in full-thickness wounds, and minimizes residual scar formation in scar tissues. | [68] |
| Individuals with skin diseases | Cellular and molecular approaches on keratinocytes | Not specified | Promotes keratinocyte differentiation. | [69] |
| Human fibroblasts in vitro | Experimental study | BC at three concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.50%) for 8 weeks | Liposomal BC protects against telomere length erosion in fibroblasts under normal and oxidative stress conditions. | [70] |
| Keratinocyte cells in vitro | Experimental study | Fermented colostrum whey at concentrations of 100–400 μg/mL for observed effects | BC increased AQP-3 expression and cell proliferation via JNK and p38 MAPK activation. | [71] |
| Individuals with wounds | Pre-post-intervention study | Not specified | Enhanced wound healing properties. | [72] |
| Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts | Experimental study | Not specified | Effect of colostrum-derived exosomes: Prevented UV-induced damage, reduced melanin production, suppressed matrix metalloproteinase expression, increased cell proliferation, enhanced collagen production. | [73] |
| Patients with acne scars | Retrospective study | Fractional laser treatment: 120 days; recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rbFGF): 300 IU/cm2 Total: 7 days |
Improved skin barrier function, reduced lactic acid-induced stinging, enhanced stratum corneum integrity. | [74] |
| Fibroblasts, immortalized keratinocytes, Human vein umbilical endothelial cells | Experimental study | Rigemed D (BC containing 20 different growth factors and exosomes) doses: 1%, 1.5%, and 2% v/v; duration not specified | Rigemed D supplementation promotes cell proliferation, migration, and regeneration; exhibits antioxidant effects; and enhances angiogenesis | [75] |
| Critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients | Randomized controlled trial | 30 g of bovine colostrum daily for 10 days | Increased serum levels of IGF-1; reduced incidence of diarrhea. | [76] |
| Rabbit flexor tendon cell populations | Experimental study | IGF-1: 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL PDGF-BB: 1, 10, and 50 ng/mL bFGF: 0.5, 1, and 5 ng/mL Duration not specified |
Maximized tenocyte proliferation. | [77] |
| Injured rats | Prospective experimental study | 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ng PDGF isoform B Total: 7 days |
PDGF supplementation enhances tendon healing. | [78] |
| Epithelial and fibroblastic cells | Experimental study | 2.5 mg/mL bovine milk for 48 h | Mitogenic extract from bovine milk promotes growth of mesodermal-derived cells. | [79] |
| Sheep fetuses with growth restriction | Randomized controlled trial in sheep | IGF-1: 360 μg Total: 128 days |
Intrauterine administration of IGF-1 significantly increased fetal growth rate. | [80] |
| Meniscus | Experimental study | 50 ng/mL bFGF and TGF-β3 Total: 8 weeks. |
bFGF and TGF-β3 improved integration strength of meniscus repair constructs and electrospun PCL scaffolds. TGF-β3 increased proteoglycan content in the explants. | [81] |
| Tendon tissue | Experimental study | PDGF-BB and IGF-1 supplementation. Dose and duration not specified. |
Enhanced cell attachment, alignment, viability, and metabolic activity. | [82] |
| Patients with skin burns | Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial | EGF: 10 μg Total: 1.5 days |
Accelerated rate of epidermal regeneration. | [83] |
| Patients with chronic wounds | Prospective, open-label, crossover trial | EGF: 10 μg Total: 6 months |
Stimulation of wound healing. | [84] |
| Diabetic neuropathic or ischemic patients with high amputation risk | Non-controlled pilot study | EGF: 25 μg Total: 8 weeks |
Reduction in diabetic lower limb amputation. | [85] |
| Hospitalized patients | Randomized, double-blind, within-patient, left/right, controlled trial | EGF: 10 μg in 0.1% silver sulfadiazine cream | Reduction of healing time of skin lesions in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. | [86] |
| Diabetic patients | Pilot study | Heberprot-P (EGF Based): 75 μg. | Exploration of clinical effects up to complete wound closure | [87] |
| Pediatric patients | Prospective clinical trial | EGF: 100 μg/kg Total: 6 weeks. |
Improved carbohydrate absorption, increased tolerance to enteral feeds, reduced infection rates. | [88] |
| Mice with sarcopenia | Experimental study | 12 µg pro-IGF-2/day Total: 7 days |
pro-IGF-2 improves muscle regeneration by promoting satellite cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibiting adipogenesis of PDGFRα+ cells | [65] |